PMblished  monthly  by  the 

New  York    State   Education   Department 

BULLETIN    338  APRIL    1905 

New  York  State  Museum 

JOHN  M.  CLARKE  Director  • 


Bulletin  87 
ARCHEOLOGY    10 


PERCH    LAKE   MOUNDS 


WITH   NOTES   ON   OTHER   NEW  YORK   MOUNDS,   AND   SOME  ACCOUNTS 
OF   INDIAN    TRAILS 


WILLIAM   M.  BEAUCHAMP   S.T.D. 


List  of  authorities 3 

Perch  lake  mounds. ......... . . . .     5 

Other  New  York  mounds 24 

Trails 33 


Addenda 48 

Explanations  of  plates 53 

Index 77 


ALBANY 

NEW  YORK  STATE  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT 
1905 


Price  20  cents 


STATE   OF   NEW   YORK 
EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT 

Ecgenti  of  the  Univenlty 
With  year*  when  terms  expire 

1913  WHITKLAW  REID  M.A.  LL.D.  Chancellor     -    •    -  New  York 

1906  ST  CLAIR  MCKELWAY  M.A.  L.H.D.  LL.D.  D.C.L. 

Vice  Chancellor       ..._  Brooklyn 

1908  DANIEL  BEACH  Ph.D.  LL.D. Watkins 

1914  PLINY  T.  SEXTON  LL.D. Palmyra 

1912  T.  GUILFORD  SMITH  M.A.  C.E.  LL.D.    -    -    -    -  Buffalo 

1907  WILLIAM  NOTTINGHAM  M.A.  Ph.D.  LL.D.      -    -  Syracuse 

1910  CHARLES  A.  GARDINER  Ph.D.  L.H.D.  LL.D.  D.C.L.  New  York 

1915  CHARLES  S.  FRANCIS  B.S. Troy 

1911  EDWARD  LAUTERBACH  M.A. New  York 

1909  EUGENE  A.  PHILBIN  LL.B.  LL.D. New  York 

1916  LUCIAN  L.  SHEDDEN  LL.B. Plattsburg 

Commissioner  of  Education 

ANDREW  S.  DRAPER  LL.D. 

Assistant  Commissioners 

HOWARD  J.  ROGERS  M.A.  LL.D.  First  Assistant  Commissioner 
EDWARD  J.  GOODWIN  Lit.D.  Second  Assistant  Commissioner 
AUGUSTUS  S.  DOWNING  M.A.  Third  Assistant  Commissioner 

Secretary  to  the  Commissioner 

HARLAN  H.  HORNER  B.A. 

Director  of  Libraries  and  Home  Education 

MELVIL  DEWEY  LL.D. 

Director  of  Science  and  State  Museum 

JOHN  M.  CLARKE  LL.D. 

Chiefs  of  Divisions 

Accounts,  WILLIAM  MASON 
Attendance,  JAMES  D.  SULLIVAN 
Examinations,  CHARLES  F.  WHEELOCK  B.S. 
Inspections,  FRANK  H.  WOOD  M.A. 
Law,  THOMAS  E.  FINEGAN  M.A. 
Records,  CHARLES  E.  FITCH  L.H.D. 
Statistics,  HIRAM  C.  CASE 


New   York   State    Education    Department 

New  York  State  Museum 

JOHN  M.  CLARKE  Director 

Bulletin  87 
ARCHEOLOGY   10 

PERCH    LAKE    MOUNDS 


WITH  NOTES  ON  OTHER  NEW  YORK  MOUNDS,  AND  SOME  ACCOUNTS  OP 

INDIAN  TRAILS 


LIST   OF   AUTHORITIES 

Abbreviations  at  the  left  are  used  in  the  bulletin  in  exact  reference  to  works  in  the  following  list. 

Amidon  Amidon,  R.  W.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Beauchamp       Beauchamp,   W.   M.     The   Aborigines.     Jefferson   County 

Hist.  Soc.  Trans.     Watertown  1887. 
Benedict  Benedict,  A.  L.     Mound  Builder  Remains  on  Cattaraugus 

Creek,    Erie    county,    N.    Y.        American    Antiquarian. 

Chicago  1901. 
Boyle  Boyle,  David.     Annual   Archaeological   Reports,   1901   and 

1903.     Toronto. 
Cammerhoff      Cammerhoff,    Frederick.     Diary   of    the   Journey    of    Bro. 

Cammerhoff  and  David  Zeisberger  to  the  Five  Nations 

from  May  3-14  to  August  6-17. 

Manuscript. 

Cecil  Cecil,  Harry  B.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Clark  Clark,  John  S.     Notes  in  various  papers. 

Emerson  Emerson,  Edgar  E.     Our  Country  and  its  People.     Boston 

1898. 

French  French,  J.  H.     Gazetteer  of  New  York.     Syracuse  1860. 

Getman  Getman,  A.  A.     Letters  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Harris  Harris,  George  H.     Aboriginal  Occupation  of  the   Lower 

Genesee  Valley.     Rochester  1884. 

First   issued    in    Semi-centennial  History  of  Rochester^  ch.  1-15.    Roches- 
ter 1884. 

Hough  Hough,  F.  B.     History  of  Jefferson  County.     Albany  1854. 

Jennings  Jennings,  C.  P.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Jordan  Jordan,  J.  W.     Spangenberg's  Notes  of  Travel  to  Onon- 

daga  in  1745.     Pa.  Mag.  Hist,  and  Biog.  v.  2.     Phil.  1878. 
Mackay  Mackay,  John.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Marvin  Marvin,  D.  S.     Mounds  at  Perch  Lake,  Jefferson  County. 

Jefferson  County  Hist.  Soc.  Trans.     Watertown  1887. 
Mattern  Mattern,  J.  E.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 


NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Mayhew  Mayhew,    G.   F.     Bulletin    of    Natural    History    of    New 

Brunswick.    St  Johns  N.  B.  1884. 
Morgan  Morgan,   L.   H.      League    of    the    Ho-de-no-sau-nee    or 

Iroquois.     Rochester  1851. 
O'Callaghan      O'Callaghan,  E.  B.     Documents  Relative  to  the  Colonial 

History  of  the  State  of  New  York.    Alb.  1853-87. 
Putnam  Putnam,  F.  W.     nth  Report  of  Peabody  Museum;  quoted 

by  Cyrus  Thomas  in  Report  on  the  Mound  Explorations 

of  the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.     Wash.  1894. 
Relations  Relations  des  Jesuites.     Quebec  1858. 

Skinner  Skinner,  A.  B.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Smith  Smith,  Harlan  I.    Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Thomas  Thomas,  Cyrus.    Report  on  the  Mound   Explorations  of 

the  Bureau  of  Ethnology.    U.  S. — Ethnology,  Bureau  of. 

I2th  An.  Rep't.    Wash.  1894. 

Twining  Twining,  J.  S.     Letter  to  Rey.  Dr  Beauchamp. 

Wallbridge       Wallbridge,     Thomas     C.     On     some     Ancient     Mounds 

upon  the  Shores  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte.     Can.  Jour,  of 

Industry,  Science  and  Art.     Toronto  1860. 
Wilson  Wilson,  James  Grant.     Arent  Van  Curler  and  his  Journal 

of   1634-35.     Am.   Hist.  Ass'n.  An.   Rep't.   1895.     Wash. 

1896. 

Woodworth      Woodworth,  Henry.     Letter  to  Rev.  Dr  Beauchamp. 
Zeisberger         Zeisberger,  David.     David  Zeisberger's  and  Henry  Prey's 

Journey    and    Stay    in    Onondago    from    April    23d    to 

November  I2th,  1753. 

Manuscript. 


PERCH  LAKE  MOUNDS 

In  all  histories  of  Jefferson  county,  N.  Y.  there  are  slight  notices 
of  the  curious  mounds  about  Perch  lake.  When  Squier  wrote  his 
account  of  the  antiquities  of  New  York  they  had  not  attracted  atten- 
tion, for  they  were  inconspicuous  and  remote  from  ordinary  travel. 
Mr  F.  B.  Hough  seems  to  have  been  the  first  to  mention  them,  a  few 
years  later,  and  he  said  there  were  several  at  the  mouth  of  Lowell 
creek,  Perch  lake,  about  30  feet  across  and  with  depressed  centers. 
No  creek  is  now  known  by  this  name  to  the  oldest  inhabitants,  but 
he  probably  meant  Hyde  creek  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  where  there 
are  yet  a  number.  He  added  that  there  are  some  on  Linnell's  island. 
In  these  were  found  pottery,  burnt  stone  and  charred  corn.  Hough, 
p.io 

Linnell's  island  is  not  in  the  lake,  but  is  an  extensive  elevation  in 
the  great  swamp  west  of  its  foot  and  north  of  the  outlet,  as  shown  in 
plate  i.  It  lies  between  two  large  streams  and  is  now  occupied  by 
farms.  Some  mounds  still  remain  on  those  owned  by  Messrs  Gailey 
and  Klock.  No  charred  corn  has  been  reported  by  any  accurate 
investigator,  and  small  coals  may  have  been  mistaken  for  this.  Very 
little  pottery  has  anywhere  been  found,  but  charcoal  and  burnt  stone 
appear  in  all.  In  French's  Gazetteer  it  is  said  that  "  in  the  vicinity  of 
Perch  Lake  have  been  found  several  barrows,  or  sepulchral  mounds." 
French,  p.  360.  It  would  not  have  been  surprising  if  some  of  the 
larger  ones  had  had  a  secondary  use  for  burial,  being  well  adapted 
for  it  in  such  a  region,  but  no  evidence  of  this  has  yet  been  found. 

Regarding  these  Mr  J.  S.  Twining  wrote  me  in  1886  of  a  more 
extensive  distribution  of  these  mounds  than  has  been  given  by  others. 
He  said : 

We  have  extensive  vestiges  of  a  much  older  race  than  those  who 
built  the  forts  and  made  the  pottery.  They  are  scattered  along  Black 
river,  some  6  miles  from  Copenhagen,  and  also  on  the  hills  back 
of  Perch  lake,  some  10  miles  from  Watertown,  on  the  farms  of  John 
Gailey  and  A.  Klock.  On  the  latter  are  the  largest  and  most  perfect. 
They  are  the  remains  of  camp  bottoms,  with  a  depression  in  the 
middle,  with  a  true  circle  of  camp  refuse  and  burnt  stones  around 
them  from  2  to  5  feet  high,  and  with  a  diameter  of  from  20  to  30  feet. 
I  have  never  found  a  piece  of  pottery  in  any  of  them,  but  plenty  of 
flint  chips.  Beauchamp,  p.  113 


6  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

Mr  D.  S.  Marvin  made  a  day's  exploration  of  the  Perch  lake 
mounds  in  August  1886  in  company  with  Messrs  Carter,  Wood- 
worth  and  Woodard.  The  results  he  embodied  in  a  paper  read  before 
the  Jefferson  County  Historical  Society,  Mar.  15,  1887,  adding 
a  few  facts  from  the  earlier  explorations  of  Henry  Woodworth  and 
J.  S.  Twining.  The  lake  is  a  small  one,  part  of  the  shores  high  and 
rocky,  but  much  more  low  and  marshy.  The  mounds  occur  only  on 
the  higher  part.  The  outlet  is  6  miles  long,  and  mounds  have  been 
reported  near  this.  At  the  natural  bridge,  near  its  mouth,  are  exten- 
sive camp  sites  with  abundant  bone  articles  and  fragmentary  pottery. 
The  most  important  part  of  Mr  Marvin's  paper  is  quoted  here  as 
follows: 

The  objects  that  arrest  our  attention  and  interest  us  the  most  are 
the  so  called  Indian  mounds,  observed  along  both  shores  of  the  lake, 
and  more  or  less  down  the  outlet.  They  are  situated  upon  the  bluffs 
overlooking  the  water,  and  reach  back  from  the  lake  sometimes  a 
hundred  rods;  they  number  some  two  hundred  in  all.  These  so 
called  mounds  are  all  round,  usually  from  50  to  90  feet  in  circum- 
ference ;  some  of  them  double,  and  so  near  that  their  edges  coalesce. 
They  are  elevated  or  raised  above  the  summits  of  the  hills  they  occupy 
from  2  to  4  feet.  Where  the  land  has  not  been  cleared,  ordinary 
forest  trees  of  all  ages  are  seen  growing  around  and  upon  the 
mounds,  ranging  from  yearling  growths  to  trees  several  hundred 
years  old.  The  debris  usually  observed  about  old  Indian  villages  is 
found  buried  in  the  soil,  old  bones  and  broken  pottery ;  the  organic 
remains  though  seem  to  have  mainly  rotted  and  gone  to  decay.  The 
broken  pottery  observed  was  of  the  usual  patterns,  but  it  is  only 
sparingly  observed,  for  aronnd  some  of  the  mounds  none  could  be 
found.  A  few  of  the  small  mounds  were  flat  topped,  but  the  usual 
shape  and  appearance  is  a  ring  of  earth,  with  a  depressed  or  basin- 
shaped  center. 

In  opening  cross  sections,  or  digging  trenches  from  the  outside  to 
the  center  of  the  circles,  as  the  centers  are  approached,  remains  of 
fires,  charcoal,  ashes,  etc.,  were  observed,  sparingly  though  in  the 
case  of  the  largest  mound.  There  was  observed  no  disturbance  of 
the  soil  below  the  level  of  the  natural  surface.  The  dirt  of  which 
the  mounds  had  been  constructed,  is  the  common  country  soil,  none 
of  it  seemingly  brought  from  a  distance,  similar  in  character  and  com- 
position to  the  soil  of  the  adjacent  land,  made  up  of  clay,  sand  and 
small  fragments  of  the  underlying  limestone,  belonging  to  the  Tren- 
ton group,  as  near  as  I  could  determine  from  a  cursory  examina- 
tion of  the  contained  fossils,  with  here  and  there  an  occasional 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK   MOUNDS  7 

transported  or  drift  pebble.  The  only  observable  difference  was  a 
darker  color,  caused  by  an  increase  of  decayed  organic  matter  and 
burned  earth.  No  graves  or  human  bones  were  observed.  No  lines 
of  entrenchments  were  to  be  seen.  Nor  have  there  been  any  metal 
objects  or  utensils  found. 

The  explanation  of  the  phenomena  observed  here,  that  has  seem- 
ingly puzzled  several  generations  of  white  men,  seems  to  be  plain 
and  simple.  There  is  no  necessity  for  bringing  farfetched  theories 
to  explain  the  observed  facts.  Whoever  has  been  to  California  and 
noted  the  singular  rings  of  earth,  with  their  basin-shaped  centers, 
that  are  known  to  be  the  remains  of  the  old  rancherias  of  the  Dig- 
ger Indians,  can  readily  see  here  in  the  close  resemblances  the  original 
forms  of  Indian  houses,  belonging  to  the  lower  stages  of  barbarism, 
and  probably  a  more  or  less  universal  style  of  house  belonging  to 
this  stage  of  advancement,  usually  occupied  only  during  the  winter 
months,  or  generally  deserted  for  nomad  life  during  the  warmer 
summer  months.  This  style  of  house  was  constructed  with  a  frame- 
work of  poles  set  upon  end  and  meeting  at  the  top,  and  covered  with 
dirt,  leaving  an  uncovered  space  at  the  top  to  serve  for  the  exit  of 
smoke. 

The  writer  once  visited  one  of  these  dirt  houses  in  California,  large 
enough  to  hold  several  hundred  people,  but  perhaps  not  larger  than 
the  remains  of  one  of  those  observed  at  Perch  lake.  Professor 
Thomas  has  described  the  remains  of  similarly  constructed  houses  in 
Mississippi,  Alabama  and  Georgia.  .  .  I  have  also  observed  near 
Burrville,  within  a  strongly  fortified  enclosure,  circles  of  toadstools 
that  had  grown  up  from  organic  matters,  old  bones,  etc.,  buried  in 
the  soil,  showing  that  similar  round  houses  once  existed  within  forti- 
fied enclosures,  but  unfortunately  both  ditches  and  circles  are  now 
leveled  by  the  plow.  Marvin,  p.58 

I  add  some  notes  sent  me  in  October  1901  by  Mr  Henry  Wood- 
worth,  one  of  the  party  mentioned,  but  whose  conclusions  are  dif- 
ferent. Both  these  gentlemen  are  careful  observers : 

I  visited  the  mounds  with  Mr  Marvin  and  Clarence  Woodard,  and 
we  spent  one  day  at  the  lower  end  of  the  lake,  on  the  south  side.  We 
found  a  very  large  mound  on  a  ridge  in  the  woods.  Some  large 
maple  trees  were  in  it.  Distance  from  the  lake  was  10  or  15  rods. 
We  did  the  most  of  our  digging  in  that  one,  but  we  dug  in  others 
that  were  hollowed  on  top,  as  most  of  them  are.  We  found  but  little 
to  pay  us  for  our  labor.  The  ashes  and  coal  that  would  naturally 
accumulate  were  very  light.  For  that  reason  I  think  they  were  occu- 
pied only  for  a  short  tiine  in  the  summer,  for  fishing  and  hunting.  If 
they  had  been  used  to  winter  in,  the  accumulation  would  have  been 
much  more.  I  and  my  son  dug  some  in  the  mounds  on  the  Gailey 


8  NEW   YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

farm  at  another  time,  but  we  found  nothing  to  satisfy  our  curiosity. 
No  shells  were  found  in  any  of  them  by  any  one.  We  found  no  flint 
in  any  mounds.  Mr  Gailey  said  some  had  been  found,  and  stone 
pipes,  but  who  has  them  I  do  not  know.  He  says  but  little  was  ever 
found.  I  found  no  bone  articles.  We  found  some  animal  bones,  but 
they  were  so  decomposed  that  they  easily  crumbled  to  pieces.  About 
the  outlet  and  lower  end  of  the  lake  are  a  number  of  mounds  on  the 
Gailey  farm,  of  different  sizes.  Some  are  flat  on  top,  but  most  have 
a  depression  in  the  center.  Mr  Gailey  said  there  are  over  200  up 
the  creek  and  around  the  lake.  I  think  there  are  mounds  below  Mr 
Gailey's,  but  I  never  visited  the  upper  end  of  the  lake. 

He  said  there  was  no  accumulation  of  burned  stones  in  the  mounds, 
probably  meaning  the  small  ones  used  in  heating  water.  From  this 
and  the  lack  of  pottery  he  concluded  that  no  cooking,  or  but  little, 
was  done  in  them.  Most  of  the  many  stones  found  show  the  action 
of  fire,  but  they  are  usually  of  some  size. 

In  a  letter  dated  Aug.  4,  1900,  Dr  Getman  said: 

We  were  at  Perch  lake  a  few  days  ago,  and  examined  the  mounds 
that  are  found  at  each  end  of  the  lake.  We  were  at  the  north  end 
and  along  the  banks  of  Hyde  creek.  They  are  situated  near  the  bank 
of  the  lake,  extending  upwards  on  to  a  high  bluff  of  sandstone,  and 
gravel  of  the  same,  along  the  banks  of  Hyde  creek.  They  are  25  to 
30  feet  across,  3  to  5  feet  high,  with  a  central  depression  of  8  to  10 
feet  in  diameter.  This  depression  is  paved  with  the  usual  firestones. 
We  saw  one  that  was  on  a  gravel  bed,  and  had  been  partly  removed. 
It  was  uniform  in  thickness,  simply  burned  sandstone,  gravel  and 
black  earth.  The  earth  is  different  from  the  surrounding  soil,  being 
burned.  We  saw  no  pottery,  bone,  or  anything  that  would  give  us  a 
clue  to  the  builders.  Hough  says  broken  pottery  and  bones  are 
found  there.  This  I  think  a  mistake.  Some  have  been  dug  to  the 
center,  and  we  were  informed  they  had  found  flint  and  stone  imple- 
ments. There  was  only  one  that  showed  evidence  of  large  timber 
growing  from  the  site.  We  counted  15  in  a  piece  of  woods,  and  the 
trees  (maple)  were  mostly  small  that  were  growing  on  the  banks. 

In  a  recent  history  of  Jefferson  county  the  mounds  at  the  north 
end  of  the  lake  are  again  mentioned,  but  with  little  additional  in- 
formation save  that  of  partial  location.  The  editor  says  that  at  the 
lake  8  or  10  mounds  are  on  the  lands  of  George  W.  Sherman  and 
Alonzo  Van  DeWalker  10  or  15  rods  from  the  shore.  They  are  cir- 
cular, 2  or  3  feet  high,  2  to  4  rods  in  diameter,  and  with  the  central 
holes  2  feet  deep.  The  largest  is  said  to  be  on  the  Sherman  farm, 
near  the  ruins  of  the  old  La  Farge  mansion.  Emerson, 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK   MOUNDS  9 

There  are  two  large  groups  north  of  any  of  these,  and  but  one 
mound  was  observed  by  me  over  40  feet  in  diameter.  The  fine  pair 
in  front  of  the  old  mansion  are  by  no  means  of  the  largest  size,  either 
in  hight  or  width. 

Before  adding  notes  of  personal  observations  to  these,  it  may  be 
well  to  take  notice  of  some  kindred  groups  on  the  north  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario,  which  I  had  planned  to  examine  some  years  since. 
Mr  Thomas  C.  Wallbridge  read  a  paper  "  On  some  Ancient  Mounds 
upon  the  Shores  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte,"  Mar.  3,  1860,  which  was 
printed  in  the  Canadian  Journal  for  September  of  that  year.  These 
mounds  had  then  been  locally  known  as  artificial  for  50  years,  but  no 
account  had  been  previously  published.  Commencing  at  Redners- 
ville  they  could  be  traced  along  the  bay  about  8  miles  to  Massassaga 
point.  This  space,  with  the  islands  of  Big  bay,  included  about  100 
distinct  mounds,  but  others  could  be  seen  at  intervals  from  the 
eastern  to  the  western  end  of  the  Bay  of  Quinte.  Others  were 
reported  at  one  place  on  the  River  Trent.  Mr  Wallbridge  said : 

As  far  as  has  yet  been  ascertained,  there  is  but  one  class  or  form 
of  mounds  in  this  part  of  the  country,  and  the  truncated  cone  is  the 
shape  they  assume.  In  size  they  vary  from  a  diameter  at  the  base  of 
30  to  50  feet,  to  a  diameter  at  the  apex  of  12  feet.  Each  mound  has 
a  shallow  basin  or  circular  depression  upon  its  summit,  which,  what- 
ever be  the  size  of  the  work,  has  a  diameter  of  8  feet ;  and  no  mound 
under  my  observation  possessed  an  altitude  of  more  than  5  feet.  It 
is  a  remarkable  peculiarity  of  these  works,  that  in  almost  every 
instance  they  occur  in  groups  of  two,  and  at  irregular  distances  the 
one  group  from  the  other.  Irregularity  is  likewise  observable 
between  any  one  mound  and  its  fellow,  these  being  sometimes  found 
in  juxtaposition,  and  again  from  50  to  100  feet  asunder.  The  two 
of  the  same  group  are  always  of  one  size.  With  respect  to  the  sur- 
rounding country  they  are  situate  apparently  without  design,  now 
at  the  foot  of  a  commanding  hill,  then  halfway  down  the  side  of  a 
bank,  and  again  so  near  the  shore  that  in  several  instances  they  have 
been  destroyed  by  the  action  of  the  water.  Twice  they  have  been 
found  in  very  low  or  swampy  ground,  and  in  those  cases  they  occur 
singly.  Wallbridge,  p.m 

He  opened  five  of  these  at  Massassaga  point  in  August  1859.  A 
cut  was  made  33  feet  long,  2  feet  wide  and  3  feet  deep,  to  the  original 
surface.  Under  a  few  inches  of  mold  was  a  heap  of  broken  gneiss, 


IO  NKW    Y'iKK    SI.V1K    MTSKUM 

conforming  to  the  outer  shape  of  the  mound.  The  stones  varied 
from  i  to  20  pounds  each,  but  those  forming  the  bottom  of  the 
basin  were  the  smallest  of  all.  Some  showed  the  action  of  fire, 
but  there  were  no  traces  of  this  in  the  mound.  In  making  a  cross- 
section  some  fragments  of  birch  bark  and  bone  were  found  above 
the  stones.  He  said: 

The  other  mounds  examined  agreed  in  all  particulars  of  con- 
struction with  that  above  described,  excepting  in  one  pair  where  it 
was  evident  from  what  remained  that  the  inside  margin  of  the  basin 
of  each  mound  had  been  surrounded  with  flat  stones  placed  vertically 
and  touching  at  their  edges,  as  if  designed  to  prevent  the  earth 
falling  into  the  hollow.  Similar  stones,  perhaps  used  for  the  same 
purpose,  were  observed  lying  near  most  of  the  other  mounds  in  this 
vicinity. 

He  thought  these  had  been  displaced  by  diggers,  and  added : 

In  several  instances  the  builders  have  been  forced,  from  the  nature 
of  the  surrounding  country,  to  carry  their  material  from  a  distance, 
but  to  obtain  the  usual  covering  of  mold  for  the  pair  of  mounds 
last  mentioned  they  have  bared  the  smooth  underlying  rock  of  its 
scanty  soil,  in  a  well  defined  circle  alx>ut  the  works.  The  use  of 
broken  gneiss  for  a  building  material,  to  the  almost  entire  exclusion 
of  limestone,  is  a  noticeable  feature. 

Limestone  was  most  easily  procured,  but  I  think  its  change  by 
fire  may  have  made  it  objectionable.  Large  trees  grew  on  some 
mounds,  one  oak  stump  being  8  feet  around. 

So  far  the  likeness  to  the  Perch  lake  mounds  is  that  of  external 
form,  size  and  situation,  with  a  tendency  to  pairs.  The  interior 
differs  in  the  character  and  arrangement  of  the  stones,  and  the 
absence  of  coals.  Similar  ones  were  examined  later,  but  one  was 
of  a  sepulchral  nature.  This  was  excavated  from  the  center  to  the 
natural  surface.  Some  of  the  diagrams  made  are  here  partially 
reproduced. 

Plate  10,  figure  3,  shows  a  section  of  the  mound  in  which  skele- 
tons were  found,  with  general  features  of  the  construction  of  all. 
In  this  appear  the  interior  stones,  the  overlying  soil  and  the  central 
depression.  Figure  2  shows  the  position  of  some  articles  found,  and 
the  central  chamber.  Ground  was  broken  at  10,  and  a  little  below 
the  surface  was  a  flat,  horizontal  limestone,  with  fragments  of  human 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER    NEW    YORK    MOUNDS  II 

bones  and  birch  bark,  and  a  bone  awl  8  inches  long.  These  were 
probably  from  intrusive  burial. 

Another  flat  stone  was  found  2  feet  from  the  surface,  with  three 
human  skulls  underneath,  in  a  rude  box  of  flat  limestones.  Many 
of  the  remaining  bones  were  found,  and  five  well  preserved 
crania  were  secured.  One  skeleton  at  6  was  in  a  sitting  position, 
with  a  pile  of  articles  by  it.  Among  these  was  the  upper  part  of  a 
bone  comb,  several  teeth  of  the  same,  a  unilateral  bone  harpoon, 
and  three  long  shell  beads.  These  articles  do  not  indicate  a  high 
antiquity,  and  are  much  like  those  of  New  York.  The  burial  was 
clearly  intrusive. 

A  sketch  of  this  interesting  group  has  been  given  because  it  is 
little  known,  and  partly  because,  being  not  far  distant  and  in  a  very 
similar  situation,  it  may  have  some  relation  to  those  of  Perch  lake. 
The  latter  seem  to  have  gradually  increased  in  hight;  according  to 
Mr  Wallbridge  the  former  would  seem  to  have  been  of  nearly  the 
same  size  from  the  beginning.  This  hardly  seems  probable,  nor  is 
it  likely  no  fire  was  used  in  them,  judging  from  what  is  found  else- 
where. I  saw  no  ashes  in  those  of  Perch  lake,  and  in  some  cases 
the  coals  were  so  blended  with  the  soil  as  to  be  hardly  distinguishable. 

In  the  spring  of  1901  I  visited  Perch  lake,  where  the  old  La  Farge 
mansion  once  stood,  at  a  considerable  distance  north  of  a  large 
stream  which  enters  the  lake  on  the  east  side.  Quite  a  point  extends 
into  the  lake  near  this,  back  of  which  is  a  rocky  bank,  and  thence 
the  land  rises  eastward  in  low  and  broad  terraces.  On  the  green- 
sward of  one  of  these,  not  far  from  the  bank,  two  of  these  mounds 
are  conspicuous,  one  being  a  little  above  the  other,  and  the  edges 
meeting.  At  this  spot  they  are  the  only  ones  in  sight,  and  both 
have  the  characteristic  circular  form  and  depressed  center.  A  little 
digging  has  been  dtme  in  each,  but  this  has  affected  the  appearance 
very  little.  Though  a  little  shaded  they  are  practically  in  open 
ground.  They  are  not  of  the  largest  size.  The  upper  and  eastern 
one  has  an  extreme  breadth  of  34  feet,  and  an  inside  diameter  of 
14  feet  from  the  interior  slope.  This  is  about  2  feet  deep,  within 
and  without.  The  western  one  is  of  the  same  outside  hight,  and  is 
32  feet  across  the  base.  The  inside  width  is  17  feet,  and  the  depth 


12  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

3  feet.  Some  digging  has  been  done  in  the  center.  The  disturbed 
earth  is  black,  containing  burnt  stones,  but  there  are  no  signs  of 
organic  or  artificial  remains.  Not  far  away  there  are  many  spots 
where  the  flat  rocks  form  the  natural  surface,  and  about  these  thi 
spring  saxifrage  was  abundantly  in  bloom.  The  low,  symmetric 
mounds  themselves  formed  a  pleasing  feature  of  the  scene,  full  in 
view  from  the  modern  ruins  as  the  land  descended  toward  the  lake. 
The  spot  is  so  convenient  and  beautiful  that  one  might  Have  expected 
to  find  more  there,  but  for  the  evident  tendency  to  place  them  in 
pairs  or  small  groups. 

It  was  late  in  the  morning,  and  no  satisfactory  photographs  could 
be  obtained  from  lack  of  shadows.  At  a  subsequent  visit  many 
mounds  were  examined  in  the  rain,  and  others  in  the  depths  of 
woods  and  undergrowth.  Many  sketches  were  made,  some  of  which 
are  here  given,  but  in  no  place  could  the  camera  be  used  to  any 
great  advantage. 

A  second  visit  was  made  in  the  middle  of  September  1901.  A 
map  of  the  vicinity  had  been  secured,  on  a  scale  of  a  mile  to  the 
inch,  and  the  general  grouping  will  appear  on  this,  shown  on  plate  i. 
As  there  was  no  special  plan  in  the  location  of  these  structures,  no 
necessity  is  felt  for  more  exact  details.  They  were  placed  where  per- 
sonal or  family  taste  or  convenience  required.  No  rule  appears  in 
this  except  ease  of  access  to  the  lake  or  streams.  Some  were  on 
quite  elevated  land;  others  on  broad  hummocks,  surrounded  by 
marshy  spots  but  little  above  the  lake.  In  a  few  cases  they  were 
on  the  high  banks  above  rocky  streams,  at  some  distance  from  the 
shore.  The  unpropitious  weather  prevented  a  personal  examination 
of  those  at  the  south  end. 

As  far  as  I  could  ascertain  there  are  none  now  remaining  on  the 
west  side  of  Hyde  creek  and  northwest  side  of  Perch  lake.  The  lake 
may  once  have  been  higher  than  now  and  thus  larger,  but  this  did 
not  affect  the  situation  of  the  mounds,  nor  their  probable  age. 
Beginning  on  the  west  side  of  Hyde  creek  a  long  line  of  cliffs  runs 
parallel  with  the  present  shore  toward  the  southwest,  and  between 
these  and  the  lake  is  a  broad  expanse  of  swampy  land,  well  covered 
with  trees.  No  one  could  have  lived  in  this  swamp,  nor  was  access 


PERCH   LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK   MOUNDS  13 

to  the  shore  through  it  in  the  least  easy.  I  examined  the  undis- 
turbed land  at  the  top  of  these  cliffs  for  a  long  distance,  without 
finding  a  trace  of  aboriginal  life.  Every  favorable  indication  was 
carefully  examined,  but  nothing  appeared.  There  may  have  been 
obliterated  dwellings  in  the  cultivated  land  farther  back,  but  this  is 
not  probable.  The  swamp  was  an  undesirable  barrier  to  the  lake. 

Farther  north,  on  the  west  side  of  Hyde  creek,  the  case  was 
different.  That  stream  came  fairly  near  the  rocky  uplands,  afford- 
ing an  easy  passage  to  the  lake.  Accordingly  a  few  mounds  were 
reported  there,  though  none  seem  to  remain.  Certainly  they  were 
few.  I  was  told  of  two  mounds  leveled  by  my  informant  on  the 
A.  J.  Dillenbeck  farm  in  1901.  These  were  5  rods  west  of  the 
swamp  and  30  rods  from  the  lake.  In  plowing  there  he  found  a 
broken  flint  knife,  a  fragment  of  pottery  and  a  pottery  rim,  all  of 
which  he  gave  me.  From  the  character  of  the  rim  I  think  there  is 
an  error  of  location.  These  were  all  the  mounds  of  which  I  could 
learn  on  that  side. 

Mr  S.  Getman  said  that  he  found  a  celt  near  two  mounds  he  plowed 
up  on  the  south  part  of  his  farm,  at  an  early  day,  on  the  higher  ter- 
race east  of  the  creek.  I  found  no  existing  mounds  as  far  north  as 
this.  A  celt  and  arrowheads  were  reported  from  two  mounds 
destroyed  in  1900,  on  the  upper  terrace  of  the  Timmerman  farm. 
These  had  disappeared.  The  dual  arrangement  may  be  observed  in 
all  these  mounds.  It  is  probable  that  many  mounds  have  long  dis- 
appeared from  this  higher  cultivated  land.  Those  remaining  are  on 
the  stony  lower  terraces.  Commencing  south  of  the  Getman  farm 
they  extend  along  the  shore  to  a  stream  called  Ruff's  creek  by  some. 
Smith  of  this  swampy  lands  again  appear  by  the  lake.  This  eastern 
shore  is  mostly  high  and  rocky,  rising  thence  in  terraces,  and  the 
mounds  appear  here  and  there  all  the  way.  Some  mounds  may  have 
escaped  my  attention  in  the  undergrowth  on  the  Van  de  Walker 
farms. 

A  medium  sized  mound  was  opened  on  the  farm  next  south 
of  S.  Getman's.  Plate  4  shows  this,  on  the  second  terrace  east  of 
Hyde  creek  and  not  far  from  it.  It  is  30  feet  across  and  2  feet  high, 
with  a  broad  central  depression.  A  rectangular  fireplace  in  the 


14  NEW   YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

center  was  8  feet  across  and  edged  with  upright  flat  stones.  This 
went  down  2  feet  below  the  present  surface,  the  earth  having  been 
removed  for  the  fireplace,  and  cast  back  as  a  foundation  for  the  ring. 
Plate  12,  figure  2,  shows  the  surface  plan.  A  is  the  outer  slope,  B 
the  top  of  the  ridge,  C  the  inside  slope,  D  the  fireplace  edged  with 
stones,  which  is  not  an  invariable  feature.  There  were  many  coals 
in  the  black  earth,  no  ashes  and  no  vestige  of  anything  else.  There 
were  many  large  stones.  A  trench  was  carried  through  to  the 
original  surface,  and  shorter  cross-sections  were  made.  A  little 
southeast  was  another  of  similar  size,  rather  flat  and  not  prominent. 

Another,  farther  south,  is  near  the  north  line  of  the  Timmerman 
farm.  This  is  about  36  feet  across  and  2  feet  high.  It  is  flatter  than 
most  on  top,  but  shows  the  usual  depression.  Small  trees  are  grow- 
ing on  it,  and  there  are  some  large  stones  along  the  edge.  They  may 
have  been  dug  out  of  it,  for  most  mounds  have  a  few  such  stones. 
Plate  5  shows  this. 

A  mound  on  the  Timmerman  farm  has  a  large  hemlock  stump  on 
it,  and  some  small  trees.  It  is  a  continuation  of  a  low  ridge,  so  that 
its  exact  dimensions  are  modified  by  this.  As  measured  it  is  28  feet 
wide  by  2  feet  high.  The  hemlock  stump  might  show  how  old  it 
must  be,  but  not  how  old  it  might  be.  In  these  descriptions  the  gen- 
eral course  is  from  north  to  south.  A  low  ring,  19  feet  across  and 
on  the  same  farm,  tends  to  show  that  growth  in  hight  and  width  was 
slow,  and  by  removals  of  matter  from  center  to  circumference;  pos- 
sibly by  additions  without.  The  depression  is  8  feet  across,  but  it 
was  not  noticed  whether  there  was  an  inclosed  fireplace.  Plate  6  is 
of  this.  Another,  west  of  the  fence  and  this,  is  broad  and  low. 
Still  another  small  one  is  on  the  lower  terrace,  not  far  away.  Both 
these  are  northwest  of  the  next. 

A  high  mound  on  the  edge  of  the  upper  terrace,  and  just  west  of 
the  fence  which  crosses  it,  was  not  measured  across,  but  is  3  feet  high 
and  with  a  deep  central  depression.  A  large  stump  is  on  the  south 
side  of  this.  Part  of  its  effect  is  lost  from  its  surroundings.  There 
is  an  obscure  one  on  the  lower  terrace  a  little  west.  Another  low  one 
with  a  wide  and  deep  depression  is  on  the  same  farm,  and  is 
shown  in  plate  7.  It  is  about  21  feet  wide,  the  hight  being  usually 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK   MOUNDS  15 

in  proportion  to  the  width,  and  is  an  excellent  example  in  its 
symmetry. 

On  the  same  farm  is  another  27  feet  wide  and  2  feet  high,  having 
a  deep  depression.  A  small  one  is  just  west  of  this,  and  perhaps 
related. 

Another  is  30  feet  wide  and  2  feet  high,  having  a  depression. 
There  are  some  large  stones  outside  of  this.  As  the  mound  rose  and 
the  ring  grew,  it  may  have  taken  in  loose  boulders  around,  which 
had  no  relation  to  it.  There  is  an  obscure  one  north  of  this,  and  near 
a  shanty  in  the  woods.  One  on  the  south  side  of  the  shanty  was  2 
feet  high. 

A  gravel  bed,  which  has  been  opened  in  the  woods,  was  cut 
through  one  of  these  mounds,  in  such  a  way  as  to  give  a  good 
exposure.  The  bed  reached  above  the  mound  on  the  east  or  upper 
side,  the  mound  terminating  a  ridge,  and  nothing  is  seen  in  the 
exposure  there.  Another  cut  has  been  made  in  the  mound  below. 
At  the  base  is  coarse  gravel,  in  its  natural  condition.  Over  this  is  a 
stratum  of  black  earth,  3  feet  deep  and  about  27  feet  wide.  The  top 
and  the  extremities  of  the  mound  remain.  Nothing  was  found  in 
obtaining  the  gravel,  nor  was  anything  discovered  in  our  farther 
digging.  Not  far  from  this,  by  the  fence  on  the  upper  terrace,  was 
another  large  one. 

The  finest  mound  on  the  Timmerman  farm  is  near  its  southwest 
corner,  in  an  open  field  and  near  the  head  of  Perch  lake.  It  is  33 
feet  wide  and  about  5  feet  high.  Plate  8  is  of  this.  It  is  at  the  foot 
of  a  bold  hillside,  and  itself  on  high  ground.  Digging  had  been  done 
there,  and  the  Rev.  Mr  Scott  is  said  to  have  obtained  pottery  and 
other  things  in  1901.  We  dug  but  little,  and  found'nothing.  Other 
low  mounds  were  near  toward  the  lake,  and  there  is  a.  large  flat  one 
quite  a  distance  north.  South  of  this  group  is  low  land  for  some 
distance,  crossed  by  a  rapid  stream. 

Leaving  this  stream  and  the  low  land  the  woods  on  the  Sayles 
farm  are  reached,  where  there  are  many  evergreens  and  a  rocky  shore 
along  the  lake.  In  these  dark  woods  are  other  mounds.  One  is  near 
the  north  end,  and  has  its  east  side  more  elevated  than  the  other, 
apparently  from  the  slope  of  the  land.  This  has  quite  a  deep 


1 6  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

depression,  and  is  of  the  usual  size.  A  low  and  broad  one  is  north  of 
this,  and  two  smaller  ones  south.  Another  large  one  is  farther 
southwest.  The  depression  is  deep. 

South  of  these  woods  is  lower  land  and  a  brook,  both  north  of  the 
large  point.  A  fine  mound  is  on  a  low  bluff  in  this  bay.  There  are 
several  mounds  not  far  off.  One  is  on  the  low  bank  near  the  shore ; 
another  south  of  this  on  a  knoll  or  slightly  higher  land.  Another, 
beyond  the  last  and  on  the  lake  side  of  a  knoll,  has  a  very  deep  and 
large  depression,  13  feet  across.  There  is  another  at  the  south  end 
of  this  ridge,  and  another  in  the  low  land  east.  Two  are  on  the 
lower  bank  farther  south,  and  there  is  a  confluent  group  at  the 
north  base  of  the  high  terrace  on  which  the  La  Farge  mansion  stood. 
The  situation  of  these  in  these  low  lands  is  singular,  though  some  of 
them  are  dry  enough,  and  the  spot  is  unusually  sheltered. 

South  of  the  brook,  as  the  large  point  is  turned,  there  appear  deep 
depressions  and  slight  rings  of  an  undecided  character,  and  then 
come  the  two  fine  mounds  in  front  of  the  ruined  La  Farge  mansion, 
already  described.  Plate  9  shows  the  upper  and  larger  one.  South 
of  this  is  low  land,  through  which  a  large  stream  enters  the  lake. 
Beyond  this  creek  no  mounds  appear  for  nearly  half  a  mile,  though 
some  have  probably  been  destroyed.  Then  one  with  a  deep  and 
broad  depression  appeared  on  a  high  bluff  in  the  edge  of  the  woods. 
It  was  about  27  feet  across.  High  rocks  here  fringed  the  lake,  with 
terraces  above,  on  which  was  much  undergrowth. 

Nearly  a  quarter  of  a  mile  beyond  was  a  doubtful  one,  not  having 
a  complete  circle,  and  a  similar  one  was  on  the  edge  of  a  knoll 
beyond.  It  is  difficult  to  estimate  distances  while  looking  for  mounds 
in  thick  woods,  and  it  may  be  another  quarter  of  a  mile  to  a  large 
and  fine  one  on  the  second  terrace.  This  was  27  feet  wide,  2  feet 
high,  and  has  a  depression  of  3  feet  in  the  center.  As  before 
observed,  it  was  usual  to  dig  out  the  center  in  beginning  these 
mounds.  Not  far  away  are  two  large  ones,  close  together  on  the 
high  bluff  above  the  lake.  Another  just  beyond  is  36  feet  wide,  and 
the  depression  is  16  feet  across.  Another  obscure  one  is  farther 
south  near  the  high  bank  of  the  lake.  Between  this  and  the  cottages 
and  boathouses  beyond,  is  one  36  feet  wide,  3  feet  deep  inside,  and 
2  feet  outside.  This  is  fine. 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK    MOUNDS  17 

A  stream  enters  the  lake  at  the  boathouses.  South  of  this  and  east 
of  the  shore  is  a  large  and  high  mound  in  which  digging  has  been 
done.  In  the  freshly  turned  earth  no  vestiges  of  early  occupation 
could  be  seen  except  black  earth  and  burnt  stone.  This  mound  is 
about  5  feet  high  and  40  feet  across.  Common  pottery  was  found 
in  small  camps  by  the  shore.  Beyond  this  is  another  low  mound. 
Probably  some  in  these  woods  were  not  observed. 

After  leaving  the  woodland  the  swamp  is  soon  reached,  and  some 
mounds  may  have  been  obliterated  in  the  open  fields.  North  of  the 
swamp  flows  a  small  rocky  stream  through  these  fields.  On  the  brow 
of  the  upper  terrace,  on  the  north  side  of  this  is  the  largest  and 
deepest  mound  I  saw,  measuring  45  feet  across.  Another  is  close 
beside  this  on  the  east,  and  another  on  higher  ground  still,  in  the  rear 
of  these  and  toward  the  road.  On  the  south  side  of  the  stream, 
farther  down  and  overlooking  the  water  from  a  high  bank,  is 
another  small  but  deep  one  under  a  tree.  It  is  a  pretty  situation. 

A  large  mound  is  near  a  shanty  in  the  sugar  camp,  toward  Ruff's 
creek.  This  is  40  feet  across  and  3  feet  high.  A  good  deal  of  dig- 
ging has  been  done  there,  but  seemingly  without  results.  A  smaller 
one  is  near  the  shanty.  This  ended  the  explorations  on  that  side  of 
the  lake.  The  oldest  inhabitant  knew  of  nothing  taken  from  mounds 
south  of  the  La  Farge  mansion.  In  all  54  mounds  were  observed, 
and  6  obliterated  ones  reported,  or  60  in  all.  Other  unobserved  or 
obliterated  mounds  might  much  increase  this  number,  but  it  is  not 
likely  to  reach  the  higher  estimates  made  for  the  whole  territory. 

At  the  north  end  of  the  lake  is  one  spot  deserving  of  a  few  words, 
and  yet  probably  not  connected  with  the  general  subject.  In  the  edge 
of  the  swamp  at  the  northeast  angle  of  the  lake,  is  an  immense  mass 
of  rock  which  can  be  reached  by  a  boat.  In  some  of  the  depressions 
of  this  rock  are  many  small  flint  chips,  showing  that  it  was  a  favorite 
spot  for  arrow  makers.  What  weapons  the  makers  of  these  mounds 
used  is  uncertain,  but  it  is  probable  that  the  visitors  to  Squaw  island, 
as  some  call  it,  were  of  another  people.  The  spot  commands  a  view 
of  nearly  the  entire  lake. 

Dr  A.  A.  Getman  and  Oren  Pomeroy,  of  Chaumont,  kindly  made  a 
close  examination  of  the  group  I  could  not  visit  and  with  much  the 


1 8  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

same  results.  Both  are  experienced  and  careful  observers,  and  for 
this  reason  I  give  Dr  Getman's  account  written  Nov.  6,  1901. 
He  wrote: 

We  went  to  Linnell  island  today.  It  is  a  limestone  terrace,  sur- 
rounded by  lowland  and  swamp.  .  .  Mr  Gailey  says  the  island 
contains  about  500  acres,  with  three  farms  at  present.  The  soil  is 
clay  and  a  gravelly  loam,  with  abundant  outcroppings  of  rock  (Chazy 
limestone).  From  the  map  you  see  the  mounds  dot  the  crest  of  the 
terrace  all  around  the  island ;  some  at  least  $4  of  a  mile  apart.  Some 
of  them  appear  to  be  built  on  the  rock.  In  fact  we  dug  the  center  of 
one  down  to  see  that  it  was  started  on  the  solid  rock.  We  dug  on 
this  one  near  the  barn.  It  had  no  central  depression.  We  dug  the 
center  to  the  bottom ;  pit  4  feet  square ;  then  commenced  at  the  edge 
on  the  south,  and  opened  to  this  pit.  There  are  less  stones  and  more 
soil  than  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  but  we  found  lots  of  large  hard 
heads,  8  to  12  inches  across,  about  halfway  from  the  edge  to  the 
center.  All  were  burned.  The  depth  was  2  to  4  feet  from  circum- 
ference to  center.  There  were  streaks  of  very  dark  earth  and  char- 
coal. Some  of  the  charcoal  was  small  limbs,  2  to  4  inches  long,  by 
i  inch  through.  Three  of  the  mounds  have  been  removed  for  road 
building.  They  appear  to  make  excellent  roads.  (These  are  marked 
A,  A  on  the  map,  plate  2.)  We  saw  some  recent  plowing  which 
exposed  three  more.  They  were  near  those  removed. 

We  looked  over  the  three  that  had  been  used  for  roads.  They  had 
been  only  partially  removed.  The  manner  of  working  had  been  to 
plow  the  soil  loose  and  shovel  on  the  wagons ;  three  men  to  beam  the 
plow.  In  the  plowed  field  some  were  smoothly  plowed;  on  others 
the  plow  ran  out.  We  found  in  the  one  near  the  house  of  J. 
Gailey,  marked  S,  a  skull  and  teeth  of  a  muskrat.  badly  decayed, 
and  a  piece  of  broken  stone  that  looked  as  if  used  for  a  nut  stone. 
That  is  absolutely  everything,  except  burned  stones  of  all 
descriptions,  charcoal  and  dirt;  unless  a  few  pieces  of  reddish 
crumbly  pieces  of  stones  were  paint  stones.  S  also  shows  some 
excavated  mounds. 

We  looked  over  the  plowed  field,  pawed  over  debris  of  the  road 
mounds,  and  looked  over  the  road  that  the  stones  were  used  on — a 
private  road  to  the  Klock  farm. 

How  many  mounds  there  are  I  have  no  idea.  We  counted  about 
20,  but  there  have  been  and  are  many  more.  I  think,  as  a  general 
thing,  that  they  are  smaller  than  those  at  the  head  of  the  lake,  and 
of  less  depth.  Mr  Clarence  Gailey  claimed  to  have  found  two 
arrows  when  working  the  road  business,  but  could  not  produce  the 
find.  It  is  very  perplexing  that  no  authentic  relics  can  be  found  and 
handled.  Pomeroy  says  the  mounds  are  similar  to  the  one  we  saw 
on  Fox  island ;  that  is  the  contents,  stone,  soil,  etc. 


I'KRCII    I.AKK    AM)  OTIIKK    XK\V    YORK    MOUNDS  KJ 

Mr  R.  D.  Lovelancl,  of  Watertown,  found  a  few  small  fragments 
of  pottery  in  the  large  mound  near  the  boathouse,  but  did  not  pre- 
serve them,  as  he  obtained  larger  pieces  of  the  usual  types  near  the 
shore,  where  these  might  be  expected.  Had  none  been  found  else- 
where those  in  the  mound  might  be  thought  intrusive.  A  clay  pipe 
was  also  found  near  the  shore. 

In  the  Bulletin  of  Xatural  History  of  Xcu1  Brunswick  for  1884, 
p.  14,  Mr  G.  F.  Mayhew  gives  his  ideas  of  how  such  hut  rings  were 
gradually  raised.  I  infer  that  these  might  have  been  well  known 
there,  but  am  not  certain  on  this  point.  He  supposed  that  in  some 
circular  lodges  moderate  cleanliness  was  preserved,  not  by  removing 
refuse  altogether,  but  by  drawing  it  back  and  rilling  in  the  center 
with  fresh  gravel.  A  constant  repetition  of  this  would  preserve  the 
circular  form  and  the  central  depression  as  the  mound  rose  above 
the  surface.  Bone  needles  found  near  the  edge  he  thought  had  been 
stowed  at  the  back  of  a  couch.  Pottery  was  much  like  that  found 
elsewhere.  Arrowheads  were  made  by  the  fire,  few  flakes  being  seen 
out  of  doors.  Most  ordinary  aboriginal  implements  were  found. 

This  general  mode  of  elevation  reasonably  accounts  for  the  form 
and  growth  of  the  Perch  lake  mounds.  A  pit  was  made  in  the 
center  for  the  fire,  and  a  large  circle  was  thrown  up  at  the  edge  of 
the  lodge  to  carry  off  water.  A  slope  from  this  to  the  fireplace  gave 
an  easy  position  to  the  reclining  people  within.  It  was  necessary  to 
remove  or  rake  the  embers  away,  and  the  edge  gradually  rose.  To 
make  it  cleaner  it  was  as  easy  to  bring  in  a  fresh  supply  of  dirt  as 
to  carry  accumulations  away.  In  all  this  there  was  a  natural  over- 
flow which  enlarged  the  borders  of  the  mound.  The  original  fire- 
place was  all  the  time  retained,  and  so  the  largest  mounds  are  the 
deepest. 

Mr  Harlan  I.  Smith  suggests  a  likeness  in  these  to  some  he  recently 
examined  on  the  Pacific  coast,  and  I  give  plate  10,  figure  i,  to  illus- 
trate this  point.  In  his  explorations  he  found  that  up  to  a  recent 
date  the  Thompson  river  Indians  made  huts  of  this  kind.  In  this 
section  a  is  an  excavation  in  the  ground,  which  increased  the  hight 
of  the  interior  of  the  lodge,  and  supplied  material  for  its  covering. 
Around  this  excavation  an  arch  b  was  raised,  resting  on  the  surface 


2O  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

c.  This  arch  had  a  frame  of  saplings  and  branches  underneath, 
covered  with  dirt  and  sods.  In  the  center  of  this  strong  frame  above 
an  opening,  d,  was  left.  This  was  reached  by  a  primitive  ladder,  e, 
made  of  a  notched  pole  which  gave  strength  to  the  roof.  This  was 
the  only  means  of  ingress  or  egress  for  light,  smoke  and  Indians. 
He  found  one  still  standing  in  a  dilapidated  condition,  but  observed 
the  remains  of  many.  When  the  roof  fell  in,  a  low  mound  was 
formed,  with  a  marked  central  depression.  These  would  probably 
differ  from  the  Perch  lake  mounds  in  the  size  of  this  depression,  the 
hight  of  the  circle,  and  the  evidences  of  fire  throughout.  The  latter 
were  probably  simple  tepees,  pitched  from  time  to  time  on  the  same 
spot,  but  not  continuously  occupied.  The  accumulation  was  gradual, 
but  earth  might  have  covered  the  lower  part  of  the  wall. 

In  his  report  on  Mound  Explorations,  Prof.  Cyrus  Thomas 
described  some  mounds  of  this  class  closely  connected  with  larger 
mounds  in  the  Welch  group,  Brown  county,  Illinois.  The  group 
"  consists  of  six  mounds,  and  a  number  of  small  saucer-shaped  basins 
surrounded  by  low,  earthen  ridges,  doubtless  the  sites  of  ancient 
dwellings  or  wigwams."  Thomas,  p.u8.  He  adds  that  "  the  dwell- 
ing sites  vary  considerably  in  size,  some  being  as  much  as  70  feet 
in  diameter,  and  some  of  them  3  feet  deep  in  the  center  after  50 
years  of  cultivation."  In  describing  those  on  the  Big  Mary  river, 
111.,  he  adds  something  on  their  situation  and  origin : 

These  are  situated  upon  a  flat  topped  ridge,  about  30  feet  higher 
than  the  creek  bottoms.  They  are  low,  with  the  usual  depression  in 
the  center,  but  the  outlines  are  rather  indistinct.  Mr  Gault  of  Sparta, 
who  has  long  resided  here,  states  that  when  he  first  moved  to  this 
section,  the  Indians  lived  in  houses  or  wigwams  which,  when  de- 
cayed, left  such  remains  as  these.  They  hollowed  out  a  shallow  cir- 
cular cavity  in  the  surface  soil,  then,  standing  poles  around  the 
margin  of  this  basin,  brought  them  together  at  the  top,  and  having 
covered  them  with  bark  or  other  material — in  other  words  having 
constructed  wigwams  of  the  usual  circular  form — covered  them  in 
whole  or  in  part,  specially  the  lower  portion — with  earth.  He  also 
said  that  after  a  camp  was  abandoned  and  the  wood  rotted  away,  it 
left  these  rings  of  earth.  Thomas,  p.  141 

In  one  inclosure  near  Lakeville,  Stoddard  county.  Missouri,  he 
says, 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK    MOUNDS  21 

Nearly  the  whole  space  between  the  walls  is  occupied  by  the  hut 
rings  or  circular  depressions.  They  are  of  the  usual  size,  20  to  50 
feet  across,  and  i  to  3  feet  deep.  Thomas,  p.  174 

These  contained  ashes,  pottery,  etc.,  and  he  mentions  no  ridges. 
In  another  group  the  rings  varied  from  21  to  34  feet  across.  In  an- 
other large  group  we  get  a  more  definite  idea  of  the  elevation,  a  fea- 
ture in  which  most  of  these  seem  to  differ  from  those  of  Perch  lake. 
This  is  at  Beckwith's  fort,  Mississippi  county,  Missouri.  After 
describing  the  inclosure  he  says  of  the  hut  rings : 

These  almost  cover  the  remainder  of  the  area,  the  only  open  space 
of  any  considerable  size  being  the  200  feet  square  just  east  of  the 
large  mound.  They  are  not  confined  to  the  natural  level  of  the  in- 
closure, as  some  are  found  on  the  level  tops  of  the  mounds.  They  are 
circular  in  form,  varying  from  30  to  50  feet  in  diameter,  measuring 
to  the  tops  of  their  rims,  which  are  raised  slightly  above  the  natural 
level.  The  depth  of  the  depression  at  the  center  is  from  2  to  3  feet. 
Near  the  center,  somewhat  covered  with  earth,  are  usually  found  the 
baked  earth,  charcoal,  and  ashes  of  ancient  fires,  and  around  these 
and  beneath  the  rims  split  bones  and  fresh-water  shells.  Often 
mingled  with  this  refuse  material  are  rude  stone  implements  and 
fragments  of  pottery.  The  similarity  in  the  size,  form,  and  general 
appearance  of  these  depressions  and  earthen  rings  to  those  of  the 
earth  lodges  of  the  abandoned  Mandan  towns  along  the  Missouri 
river,  leaves  no  doubt  that  they  mark  the  dwelling  sites  of  the  people 
who  formerly  occupied  this  locality.  Thomas,  p.i87 

These  mere  depressions  illustrate  but  one  feature  of  the  Perch 
lake  mounds,  and  we  have  a  closer  correspondence  in  those  described 
by  Prof.  F.  W.  Putnam  in  the  nth  report  of  the  Peabody  Museum, 
and  quoted  by  Mr  Thomas.  They  were  some  observed  by  the 
former  in  Tennessee,  and  thus  described : 

Scattered  irregularly  within  the  inclosure  [the  earthen  wall  which 
inclosed  the  area]  are  nearly  one  hundred  more  or  less  defined 
circular  ridges  of  earth,  which  are  from  a  few  inches  to  a  little  over 
3  feet  in  hight,  and  of  diameters  varying  from  10  to  50  feet.  .  . 
An  examination  of  these  numerous  low  mounds,  or  rather  earth 
rings,  as  there  could  generally  be  traced  a  central  depression,  soon 
convinced  me  that  I  had  before  me  the  remains  of  the  dwellings  of 
the  people  who  had  erected  the  large  mound,  made  the  earthen 
embankment,  buried  their  dead  in  the  stone  graves,  and  lived  in  this 
fortified  town.  Thomas,  p.662 


22  NKW    YORK    STATK    Ml'SKI'M 

Professor  Thomas  adds  that  these  hut  rings  "  arc  seldom,  if  ever, 
met  with  except  on  the  site  of  an  ancient  village,  and  often  one  that 
was  defended  In  an  indosure."  This  again  ditTerentiates  the 
western  ami  southern  forms  from  those  of  N'ew  York.  The  latter 
are  scattered  or  in  very  small  groups,  have  the  depre^ed  center 
very  little  below  the  natural  surface,  are  usually  of  considerable 
bight,  show  the  action  of  fire,  but  rarely  contain  ashes  or  relics  of 
any  kind,  have  no  bones  or  shells,  and  the  earth  of  which  they  are 
composed  has  been  gradually  gathered  from  year  to  year.  \Yith 
all  this  difference  there  is  an  unmistakable  likeness,  and  no  hesitation 
is  felt  in  calling  them  the  foundations  of  early  lodges. 

Two  things  naturally  arrest  attention.  There  are  no  Ixmes  or 
shells  revealing  the  food  of  the  inhabitants,  though  the  condition- 
are  favorable  for  their  preservation.  Most  of  them  contain  n> 
articles  made  by  man.  The  favorite  fresh-water  dam  of  the  Xeu 
York  Indians  was  U  n  i  o  complanatus.  It  is  so  widely  dis- 
tributed  that  it  probably  occurs  in  Perch  lake,  though  1  observed 
none  along  the  shores.  If  it  is  not  found  there  that  part  of  tin- 
problem  is  solved.  IHit  these  aborigines  were  there  for  the  fish  of 
the  lake,  as  well  as  for  the  game  in  the  woods.  Their  homes  had 
an  easy  access  to  the  water.  Why  are  no  bones  of  any  kind  found 
under  these  conditions?  The  Iroquois  sites  yield  them  abundantly. 
It  may  be  due  to  an  Algonquin  superstition.  All  will  agree  that 
these  were  not  Iroquois  homes,  for  they  rarely  used  the  circular 
lodge,  which  the  Algonquins  commonly  preferred.  There  were 
differing  tastes  and  beliefs  of  other  kinds.  The  Iroquois  left  bones 
of  every  description  on  the  ground.  The  Algonquin  scrupulously 
gathered  up  many  kinds,  and  either  threw  them  in  the  water,  or 
burned  them  in  the  fire. 

A  single  quotation  from  the  Relation  of  1634  will  illustrate  this. 
The  missionary  said : 

The  savages  do  not  throw  the  bones  of  the  beaver  to  the  dogs, 
or  of  female  porcupines,  at  least  certain  special  bones ;  in  short  they 
very  carefully  take  pains  that  the  dogs  shall  eat  no  bone  of  birds 
or  other  animals  which  are  taken  in  a  snare.  Otherwise  they  will 
take  no  more  except  with  the  greatest  difficulty  ;  besides  there  are 
within  a  thousand  observations,  for  it  is  important  only  that  the 


PERCH    LAKK   AND  OTHER    Xli\V    YORK    MOl.'NDS  23 

vertebrae  or  the  rump  alone  should  be  given  to  these  clogs,  the  rest 
must  be  thrown  into  the  fire;  still,  for  a  beaver  taken  in  a  snare  it 
is  better  to  throw  his  bones  into  a  river;  it  is  a  strange  thing  that 
they  gather  and  pick  up  these  things,  and  preserve  them  with  so 
much  care  that  you  would  say  their  hunt  had  been  lost  had  they 
gone  contrary  to  their  superstitions.  As  I  ridiculed  them  and  told 
them  that  the  beavers  did  not  know  what  was  done  with  their  bones, 
they  replied  to  me:  You  do  not  know  how  to  take  beavers,  and 
you  wish  to  talk  about  them  ;  before  the  beaver  is  entirely  dead, 
they  said  to  me.  his  soul  comes  around  by  the  cabin  of  the  one  who 
killed  him,  and  notices  carefully  what  they  do  with  his  bones ;  that 
if  one  gave  them  to  the  dogs  the  other  beavers  would  be  warned 
of  it ;  that  is  why  they  would  render  themselves  hard  to  catch :  but 
they  are  very  glad  if  they  throw  their  bones  into  the  fire  or  into  a 
river,  the  snare  especially,  which  has  taken  them,  is  well  pleased. 
I  told  them  that  the  Iroquois.  as  is  done  among  us,  threw  the  bones 
of  the  beaver  to  the  dogs,  and  yet  they  very  often  took  some,  and 
that  our  French,  beyond  comparison,  were  accustomed  to  take  more 
game  than  they,  and  yet  our  dogs  were  accustomed  to  eat  the  bones. 

The  Algonquins,  of  that  day.  extended  this  rule  to  fish,  and  it  may 
have  had  wider  applications  still.  To  leave  no  permanent  memorial 
it  was  necessary  only  to  care  for  the  bones  on  the  lodge  site.  Out- 
side of  the  circle  they  would  soon  perish,  and  this  superstition  pre- 
vented their  casting  them  there.  These  lodges  had  no  dumping 
places ;  everything  was  disposed  of  on  the  spot. 

In  referring  these  mounds  to  the  Algonquin  family  another  fact 
is  explained.  These  nations  may  not  have  been  without  earthen- 
ware, and  perhaps  most  of  them  were  not,  in  a  limited  way,  but  it 
was  not  so  common  as  with  the  Iroquois  and  others.  They  were 
nomadic,  and  the  lightest  vessel  possible  suited  them  best.  It  was 
particularly  necessary  to  have  one  not  easily  broken,  and  that  could 
be  readily  replaced  on  a  journey.  Toward  and  north  of  the  St 
Lawrence  the  canoe  birch  abounded,  and  of  this  material  their  cook- 
ing vessels  were  formed.  Their  cooking  was  not  very  thorough, 
and  hot  stones,  dropped  into  the  water,  heated,  it  enough  for  their 
needs. 

Why  arrowheads  are  not  found,  nor  other  stone  implements  as 
a  rule,  is  a  more  difficult  question,  but  capable  of  various  answers. 
There  were  careful  aborigines,  those  who  lost  little,  as  well  as  those 
careless  and  wasteful.  Articles  were  not  so  readilv  lost,  but  more 


24  NK\V   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

readily  found,  in  a  cabin  than  in  a  village.  The  wooden  arrow 
might  have  sufficed  for  most  of  the  needs  of  the  place.  Some  have 
suggested  that  the  huts  were  those  of  a  recent  day,  and  that  no 
purely  Indian  relics  may  be  expected.  I  do  not  assent  to  this  view, 
nor  am  I  prepared  to  say  with  Mr  Marvin,  that  these  forest  men 
have  left  us  traces  of  the  oldest  habitations  in  the  State.  The  fact 
seems  to  be,  however,  that  we  must  make  these  very  modern,  with 
but  little  to  sustain  this  view,  or  place  them  before  the  Iroquois 
occupancy  of  New  York  and  the  St  Lawrence.  Till  the  Iroquois 
sold  their  lands  there  has  been  no  time  within  the  last  300  years 
when  it  would  have  been  safe  for  Algonquins  to  have  habitations 
on  Perch  lake.  For  a  century  before  that,  at  least,  Jefferson  county 
was  occupied  by  the  Iroquoian  family,  and  they  had  no  wish  for 
intruders.  How  much  these  mounds  antedate  the  last  four  centuries 
is  a  harder  problem.  I  think  they  may  safely  be  placed  within  the 
past  500  years.  Traditionally  the  Algonquin  and  Iroquois  family 
arrived  here  nearly  together,  and  at  no  remote  period.  An  exam- 
ination of  the  sites  of  their  camps  and  towns  seems  to  substantiate 
this,  and  these  mounds  suggest  a  period  antedating  that  of  their 
inveterate  hostility.  They  were  undefended,  long  used,  and  yet 
were  in  a  territory  claimed  and  held  by  the  Iroquois  for  hundreds  of 
years. 

Two  maps  of  the  vicinity  are  given ;  one  from  a  large  county  map, 
and  the  other  from  the  public  topographic  purvey,  conspicuously 
differing  in  some  respects.  In  the  latter,  plate  3,  the  lake  is  much 
shorter  than  in  the  former,  and  streams  which  enter  the  river 
in  one  flow  into  the  lake  in  the  other.  The  difference  may  be 
accounted  for  by  the  fact  that  part  of  the  swampy  shores  wrere  once 
included  in  the  lake,  when  the  water  supply  was  greater.  On  the 
former  map  the  general  range  of  the  mounds  is  indicated  by  the 
usual  sign. 

OTHER   NEW  YORK   MOUNDS 

A  few  supplementary  remarks  may  be  made  on  other  mounds  in 
New  York,  the  larger  part  of  the  State  having  none,  and  most  of 
those  found  being  of  small  size  and  simple  character.  In  some 
cases  natural  formations  have  been  mistaken  for  these,  having  been 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK    MOUNDS  25 

used  for  burial  or  camps.  In  27  counties  some  form  of  mound 
has  been  reported  and  a  summary  of  these  follows.  They  are  most 
frequent  west  of  the  center  of  the  State,  and  will  be  mentioned  by 
counties. 

Several  occurred  in  Allegany  county,  and  thence  westward  they 
were  frequent.  In  the  town  of  Conewango,  Cattaraugus  county, 
was  a  tumulus  13  feet  high,  with  a  diameter  of  61  by  65  feet. 
Skeletons  were  found  with  relics.  In  the  village  of  Randolph  was 
a  burial  mound  10  feet  high  and  35  feet  in  diameter.  In  the  town 
of  Bucktooth,  north  side  of  the  Allegheny,  was  a  burial  mound,  39 
feet  in  diameter  and  10  feet  high.  Another  was  in  the  town  of 
Napoli,  on  Cold  Spring  creek,  which  was  120  feet  around.  At 
Olean  were  several  of  these,  one  being  40  by  60  feet  in  diameter 
and  nearly  10  feet  high.  One  in  Dayton  was  of  the  same  hight, 
and  120  feet  in  circumference.  Another  was  on  the  west  side  of 
the  Allegheny  river,  in  the  town  of  Cold  Spring.  This  has  been 
reported  as  200  feet  around  and  20  feet  high ;  probably  an  exaggera- 
tion. On  Cold  Spring  creek,  2  miles  from  the  Allegheny,  were  two 
burial  mounds,  10  feet  high  and  100  feet  around.  Others  were  in 
the  towns  of  Leon  and  Conewango,  in  one  of  which  were  8  sitting 
skeletons. 

Quite  a  number  were  in  Chautauqua  county.  One  at  Cassadaga 
lake  was  7  feet  high  and  30  feet  in  diameter.  A  stone  mound  near 
a  fort  in  Ellington  was  4  feet  wide  and  5  feet  high.  Two  mounds 
near  Griffith's  point,  Chautauqua  lake,  were  once  12  feet  high  and 
40  feet  in  diameter.  A  number  of  similar  mounds  have  been 
reported  on  both  shores,  and  two  near  Jamestown.  Another,  near 
Rutledge,  was  20  feet  in  diameter  and  6  feet  high.  One  in  the 
village  of  Fredonia  was  7  feet  high.  Another  at  Fluvanna  seems 
recent.  Most  mounds  west  of  Cayuga  lake  were  sepulchral. 

Near  Spring  Lake,  in  Cayuga  county,  were  small  mounds  with 
human  remains,  but  these  may  have  been  incidental,  as  in  some 
other  places.  On  the  high  land  of  Rowland  island,  near  the  river, 
are  one  or  two  suggestive  of  Perch  lake.  One  is  not  very  distinct, 
but  the  other  stands  out  plainly.  It  is  a  circle  with  a  diameter  of 
37  feet  and  an  elevation  of  30  inches,  inclosing  burnt  earth  and 


26  NK\\    YORK  MAN-:   .\irsi-:r.M 

stone,  but  yielding-  no  relics.  The  earth  is  in  its  natural  condition 
for  a  considerable  distance  around.  Some  pits  within  the  circle 
may  be  the  work  of  explorers.  This  I  examined  July  iS.  1902. 

The  noted  burial  mound  in  Greene.  (  henango  county,  was  40 
feet  in  diameter  and  6  feet  high.  Several  hut  rings  have  been 
reported  along  the  Chenango  river,  similar  to  those  at  Perch  lake, 
but  those  at  Indian  brook,  a  little  south  of  Greene,  prove  to  be 
caches. 

i  oluinliiu  and  Schoharie  counties  both  had  the  stone  heaps  to 
which  Indians  added  stones  in  passing. 

Krie  county  had  its  full  share  of  mounds.  One  at  the  mouth  of 
C  attaraugus  creek  was  used  for  burial,  but  was  probably  natural. 
It  was  50  feet  across  and  from  10  to  15  feet  high.  The  relics  were 
modern. 

There  were  several  burial  mounds  on  the  east  side  of  Cattaraugus 
creek,  two  of  which  were  excavated  by  Dr  A.  L.  Benedict  of  Buffalo, 
in  1900.  As  good  accounts  of  such  work  by  competent  observers 
are  rare  in  New  York,  his  plans  are  given  in  plate  1 1 ,  and  his  report 
is  summarized  from  the  American  Antiquarian  for  upi.  p.Qo^-ioj. 

Xo.  i.  a  truncated  mound  in  an  open  field  when  I  saw  it,  is  a  mile 
north  of  the  creek,  and  600  feet  north  of  the  high  bank  of  the  ancient 
valley.  It  is  nearly  circular  and  about  70  feet  in  diameter.  The 
central  bight  is  4  feet,  8  inches,  but  he  thought  it  was  originally 
10  or  ii  feet  high.  It  was  made  of  sand  loam,  and  there  were 
depressions  north  and  south  in  the  general  level  of  the  field.  It 
had  been  disturbed.  At  A  were  animal  bones,  ashes  and  charcoal 
at  3  feet.  5  inches  from  the  surface ;  also  bones  of  the  aboriginal 
dog.  At  B  was  a  heap  of  flat  pieces  of  Hamilton  slates,  some  of 
them  waterworn.  A  rib  and  sacrum  under  these  he  thought  those 
of  the  musk  ox.  At  C  was  a  fragmentary  human  skull,  with  other 
human  bones,  at  a  depth  of  3  feet.  Near  this  were  flint  arrows  and 
knife,  flint  chips  occurring  elsewhere  in  the  mound.  Dr  Benedict's 
plans  have  the  top  to  the  south. 

Xo.  2  resembles  the  last  and  has  been  reduced  by  plowing.  It  is 
quite  near  the  creek,  and  a  central  shaft  was  sunk  below  the  original 
soil  in  1875  1\v  William  C.  Bryant  of  Buffalo.  Gravel  was  found 


PERCH    I.AKI-:    AM)  OTIIKK    NEW    YORK    MOUNDS  2/ 

4  feet  below  the  level  at  A  by  Dr  Benedict,  and  this  occurred  at 
4  feet.  9  inches  at  H.  At  F  was  an  oblong1  fireplace  of  water  worn 
stones.  Between  the  top  stone  and  one  on  the  west  side  of  the 
inclosure  part  of  a  pottery  rim  was  found.  There  were  small 
sherds  at  H.  In  the  ashes  under  the  top  stone  were  calcined  bones. 
A  human  astragalus  was  found  at  B,  4  feet  southwest  of  the  central 
stake,  at  a  depth  of  i  foot,  9  inches,  covered  with  several  round 
stones,  6  inches  to  a  foot  in  diameter  and  an  inch  thick.  A 
calcined  long  bone  was  found  15  feet  south  of  the  stake,  which 
seemed  part  of  a  human  tibia.  At  7  feet,  10  inches  south  from  the 
stake  the  bottom  of  the  mound  was  of  burnt  clay  and  gravel,  about 

6  inches  thick.     Below  this  was  a  hollow  space,  beginning  3  feet, 

7  inches  from  the  surface  of  the  mound.     This  was  9  or  10  inches 
deep,  and  extended  every  way  2  or  3  feet.     The  floor  of  this  was 
of  coarse  gravel,  about  the  size  of  hickory  nuts,  blackened,  but 
showing  no  disturbance.     Charred    wood   was   occasionally   found, 
some  of  considerable   size.     There   were   also   small   bits  of   mica. 
These  seem  hardly  true  burial  mounds,  though  containing  human 
bones. 

Other  mounds  have  been  reported  in  Erie  county  15  to  16  feet 
high  and  from  45  to  54  feet  in  diameter.  One  near  the  Indian  fort 
at  Buffalo  was  5  or  6  feet  high,  and  from  35  to  40  feet  across.  It  is 
probable  that  Dr  Benedict's  diameters  may  be  too  great,  allowance 
not  being  made  for  increase  at  the  base  by  washing  down  from 
above. 

On  St  Regis  island,  Franklin  county,  was  a  mound  8  feet  high, 
and  another  opposite,  on  the  east  bank  of  St  Regis  river.  Burial 
mounds  were  frequent  along  the  St  Lawrence. 

Small  mounds  have  been  reported  on  Tonawanda  creek,  in 
Genesee  county,  but  they  may  not  have  been  artificial,  though  used 
for  sepulture.  The  mound  at  the  Bone  fort,  near  Caryville,  wa& 
6  feet  high  and  30  feet  wide,  almost  entirely  composed  of  bones. 

Two  small  mounds  have  been  reported  nn  Jefferson  county,  and 
many  hut  rings  on  the  east  bank  of  Black  river,  Lewis  county, 
opposite  the  Deer  River  station.  These  are  like  those  at  Perch  lake. 

In  the  summer  of  1903  an  early  and  notable  ossuary  was  discov- 


28  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

ered  by  Mrs  R.  D.  Loveland  of  Watertown,  near  the  long  carrying 
place  at  the  head  of  Chaumont  bay.  A  curious  depression  arrested 
her  attention,  and  a  little  digging  brought  to  light  a  human  skull. 
She  then  turned  over  the  search  to  others,  who  unfortunately  had 
not  her  knowledge  and  skill,  and  no  clear  description  is  available 
from  them.  Dr  R.  W.  Amidon  afterward  visited  the  place,  saw 
the  relics,  and  obtained  what  information  he  could.  Its  importance 
comes  from  its  age,  the  relics  being  mostly  of  early  types.  The  pit 
is  near  and  below  the  end  of  a  ledge  of  Trenton  limestone.  At 
least  8  skeletons  of  vigorous  adults  were  unearthed,  from  2  to  4 
feet  below  the  surface,  and  mostly  covered  with  boulders  and  flat 
stones.  Two  skulls  were  fractured,  as  though  by  a  war  club.  A 
perfect  clay  vessel  was  destroyed  by  the  diggers,  but  it  was  of  a 
frequent  form.  A  bird  amulet,  of  green  striped  slate,  was  found. 
This  was  5^2  inches  long,  rather  broad,  and  with  the  head  and  tail 
almost  on  a  plane  with  the  body.  There  was  also  a  bar  amulet  of 
sandstone,  6  inches  long,  and  a  perfect  soapstone  pipe  of  a  frequent 
form.  A  flat  bone  bead,  bone  and  horn  implements,  flint  arrow- 
heads or  knives,  were  among  other  articles.  This  ossuary  thus 
gives  us  some  idea  of  what  other  things  were  used  by  those  who 
had  these  amulets. 

In  Livingston  county  there  was  once  a  mound  in  the  road  from 
Dansville  to  Groveland,  which  was  4  or  5  feet  high  and  30  feet  in 
diameter.  Another  was  midway  between  Dansville  and  Scottsburg. 
A  burial  mound  was  2.y2  miles  southeast  of  the  head  of  Hemlock 
lake.  One  at  Mt  Morris  was  used  for  recent  sepulture,  but 
may  not  have  been  artificial,  as  it  is  said  to  have  been  100  feet 
across  and  8  to  10  feet  high.  Some  accounts  make  the  relics  of 
early  types,  and  it  is  probable  it  was  used  at  various  periods.  On 
the  Genesee  river,  near  the  Wheatland  line,  was  a  burial  mound 
8  feet  high.  Two  mounds  are  also  on  the  Wadsworth  farm  near 
Geneseo.  One  is  3  feet  high,  but  not  quite  25  feet  across ;  the  other 
is  much  smaller.  Both  have  been  reduced  in  size.  A  stone  heap 
at  Lima  traditionally  had  a  memorial  character. 

In  Madison  county,  on  Oneida  lake,  are  supposed  Indian  mounds, 
which  are  probably  natural  formations. 


PERCH    LAKE  AND  OTHER   NEW   YORK    MOUNDS  29 

There  was  a  mound  in  Monroe  county,  a  few  miles  northwest 
of  Scottsville.  Two  small  mounds  were  west  of  Irondequoit  bay, 
on  high  land,  the  largest  being  less  than  5  feet  high.  A  large  one 
was  east  of  the  bay,  and  another,  east  of  the  village  of  Penfield,  was 
originally  40  feet  in  diameter  and  8  or  9  feet  high.  Two  burial 
mounds  were  on  the  east  bank  of  Genesee  river,  half  a  mile  below 
the  lower  fall.  They  were  4  feet  high  and  20  to  25  feet  wide. 
There  were  other  mounds  in  that  vicinity.  In  Pittsford  was  a  pile 
of  large  limestone  boulders,  the  heap  being  about  12  feet  square. 
Between  Irondequoit  landing  and  the  lake  was  a  cemetery  of  200 
small  grave  mounds,  arranged  in  rows.  The  further  character  was 
not  reported,  but  single  graves  are  usually  depressed.  A  mound 
was  on  the  bluff  south  of  Dunbar  hollow,  which  contained  stone 
implements.  Mr  Harris  thought  a  small  island  on  the  west  side  of 
Irondequoit  bay  was  mostly  artificial,  as  proved  by  excavations  and 
grading.  It  was  90  feet  long,  32  wide  and  17  feet  high,  but  was 
not  sepulchral,  though  it  contained  many  fine  articles  at  a  depth 
of  15  feet. 

A  mound  described  in  Cambria,  Niagara  county,  should  be  called 
an  ossuary  and  contained  metallic  articles.  A  stone  mound  has 
been  reported  a  mile  west  of  Lockport,  and  an  ordinary  one  at  Gas- 
port.  Two  burial  mounds  of  large  size  were  on  Tonawanda  island. 
Another  was  in  Wilson,  and  two  in  the  town  of  Lewiston.  In  Sep- 
tember 1903,  the  one  marked  D  on  Schoolcraft's  map  was  opened. 
He  called  it  "  a  small  mound  or  barrow,"  but  if  it  ever  had  much 
elevation  cultivation  had  long  before  removed  all  signs  of  this.  As 
it  has  not  before  been  described  a  brief  account  of  it  will  be  given 
here.  The  first  skull  was  found  6  or  8  inches  below  the  present 
level  of  the  ground,  and  the  skeletons  were  estimated  at  over  300. 
Over  200  skulls  were  secured  and  none  had  been  injured,  the  place 
representing  well  the  ossuaries  of  Canada.  The  date  may  have  been 
not  far  from  1620,  perhaps  a  little  later,  while  the  Neutral  nation 
still  occupied  land  in  New  York.  The  pit,  excavated  by  Mr  John 
Mackay  of  Niagara  Falls,  was  about  18  feet  long  and  from  12  to 
14  feet  wide,  with  a  depth  of  $l/2  feet  from  the  surface.  The  form 
was  an  irregular  ellipse,  and  the  bottom  was  of  rock  and  clay.  To- 


3O  NKW    YORK    ST.VIi:    MI.-KrM 

make  more  room  the  pit  had  1x.ru  widened  alxwt  18  inches  from  the 
lx>ttom.  and  the  smaller  Ixmes  were  placed  in  this  addition.  Then- 
were  no  traces  of  any  lining  to  the  pit.  nor  any  suggestions  of 
Jesuit  contact,  while  earlier  articles  of  Kuropean  trade  had  reached 
the  spot,  possibly  from  the  Dutch  through  the  Five  Nations.  There 
were  24  iron  axes,  several  brass  kettles.  3  sword  blades.  24  large 
and  curious  brass  rings.  5  cylindric  brass  or  cop]>er  beads,  with  other 
ornaments  of  shell.  Through  the  kindness  of  Mr  Mackay  I  exam- 
ined a  number  of  these.  The  rings  are  simply  short  brass  cylinders, 
bent  in  circles,  and  the  beads  are  long  brass  tubes,  precisely  like 
those  occurring  in  the  Mohawk  valley.  One  of  these  is  u  inches 
long  and  yk  inch  in  diameter.  Mr  Mackay  has  an  interesting  collec- 
tion, well  repaying  study. 

Some  burial  mounds  have  been  reported  in  Xew  York  city, 
apparently  natural  elevations  used  for  sepulture. 

Some  supposed  mounds  in  Oneida  county  are  also  of  doubtful 
character,  nothing  having  been  determined  by  examination. 

In  Onondaga  county,  near  Baldwinsville.  were  two  large  stoiu- 
heaps,  covering  human  bones,  and  two  burial  mounds  were  on  the 
west  side  of  Onondaga  outlet.  One  was  circular  and  stood  out 
prominently  from  the  bank  behind  it.  The  other  was  oblong,  being 
12  feet  long  and  3  feet  high  when  I  sketched  it.  and  had  then  been 
somewhat  reduced. 

At  the  modern  Seneca  castle  near  Geneva,  where  Johnson  built 
a  fort  in  1756,  is  an  artificial  mound  about  6  feet  high  and  used  as 
a  cemetery.  It  is  probably  rather  graded  than  built  up.  There  was 
a  small  recent  mound  at  Clifton  Springs. 

In  Carlton,  Orleans  county,  on  the  north  bank  of  Oak  Orchard 
creek,  is  a  small  oblong  mound.  20  by  30  feet  in  diameter.  Another 
small  mound  was  30  rods  away. 

Bone  hill,  at  Oswego  Falls,  was  a  place  of  sepulture,  now  known 
to  be  of  natural  formation.  It  was  6  rods  in  diameter  and  40  feet 
high,  and  has  been  removed. 

In  Unadilla  was  a  supposed  Indian  monument,  20  feet  in  diameter, 
10  feet  high,  and  of  a  conical  form.  There  was  a  mound  at 
Oneonta.  and  a  supposed  burial  mound  at  G*>perstown. 


1'KKC  11    LAKE    AND   OTHER    NEW    YORK    MOUNDS  31 

In  Tioga  county  there  was  a  circular  burial  mound  at  Owego. 
Several  mounds  were  in  the  vicinity  of  Newark  Valley.  One  of 
these  was  15  feet  high  and  250  feet  around,  suggesting  natural 
formation. 

In  Wayne  county  I  examined  several  mounds  July  18,  1902.  One 
was  northwest  of  Savannah  and  in  the  midst  of  camp  sites.  It  is 
circular  and  but  slightly  separated  from  the  ridge  behind.  It  is  60 
feet  across  and  3  feet  high.  Another  burial  mound  north  of  Crusoe 
creek  and  northeast  of  this,  is  now  small  and  low,  but  distinct. 
Another  was  examined  2^2  miles  south  of  Savannah.  It  is  at  the 
south  end  of  a  ridge  containing  caches,  from  which  it  has  been 
separated  by  excavation.  The  bodies  were  apparently  laid  on  the 
surface  and  the  earth  heaped  upon  them.  It  is  30  feet  across  and 
about  7  feet  high.  The  first  of  these  mounds  shows  little  work. 

In  Wyoming  county  is  a  burial  mound  about  4  miles  south  of 
Portage. 

In  Yates  county  a  small  burial  mound  on  Bluff  point  is  9  feet 
long  and  4  feet  high. 

These  are  all  the  burial  or  monumental  mounds  thus  far  reported 
in  New  York,  as  distinguished  from  defensive  earthworks.  Very 
few  indeed  resemble  those  of  Perch  lake,  and  this  led  to  the  special 
examination  of  the  latter.  Their  peculiar  character  is  emphasized 
by  this  comparison  with  New  York  mounds  elsewhere,  and  though 
scattered  examples  may  yet  be  found  here,  it  is  quite  probable  that 
nowhere  else  in  the  State  will  they  be  seen  in  such  numbers  or  in 
such  fine  preservation.  They  form  a  unique  group,  well  worthy  of 
further  study,  though  offering  little  in  the  way  of  fine  relics,  or 
indeed  of  any  at  all. 

By  way  of  caution  it  should  be  remarked  that  the  hight  of  mounds 
is  commonly  made  too  great  unless  accurately  determined ;  and  there 
is  also  a  disposition  to  consider  any  symmetric  elevation  of  moderate 
size  an  Indian  mound.  Even  when  human  bones  are  found  in  them 
they  are  not  always  artificial. 

A  curious  spot  il/2  miles  west-southwest  of  Unadilla  may  be 
described  here,  having  never  been  mentioned  before.  For  the 
account  and  chart,  thanks  are  due  to  Mr  Harry  B.  Cecil  of  that 


32  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

place.  It  is  on  the  farm  of  Enoch  H.  Copley  and  in  a  woodland 
of  about  33  acres,  the  whole  of  which  is  a  series  of  moraines  and 
kettle-shaped  hollows.  In  the  largest  of  these  hollows  is  a  shallow 
pond,  marked  A  in  the  diagram,  plate  12,  figure  I.  The  shaded 
part  B  has  been  partly  filled  in  for  the  Delaware  &  Hudson  Rail- 
road. The  pond  is  surrounded  by  moraines,  C  C  C,  about  100  feet 
high,  and  a  road  D,  follows  the  north  and  east  margins.  At  E,  F,  G, 
are  rude  stone  walls  from  2  to  4  feet  high.  Mr  Cecil  said : 

At  one  time  I  supposed  these  had  been  constructed  to  get  rid 
of  the  rocks  that  were  in  the  way,  but  this  could  not  be  the  case, 
as  the  stones  could  have  been  dumped  into  the  pond  very  much 
more  easily,  and  it  would  have  materially  helped  to  widen  the  road 
D.  The  oldest  residents  say  that  these  piles  and  walls  have  ah 
been  there.  At  II,  until  a  short  time  ago,  were  two  circles  made  of 
rocks  loosely  thrown  together.  They  measured  10  feet  across  and 
were  contiguous,  having  openings  at  the  remote  parts  of  their  cir- 
cumferences. I  turned  these  over  carefully,  but  failed  to  find 
anything  of  Indian  workmanship  and  the  soil  beneath  was  appar- 
ently undisturbed.  At  I  was  another  stone  wall.  At  J  is  a  heap 
of  undisturbed  rocks.  At  K  is  a  carefully  made  road,  about  8  feet 
wide  and  extending  about  300  feet  in  a  westerly  direction,  gradually 
ascending  to  50  feet  above  the  pond  level.  No  explanation  can  be 
given  of  this  unless  it  was  part  of  a  trail.  Below  this  road  and 
above  the  wall  at  E,  is  a  stone  heap,  and  above  the  road  is  a  large 
hollow  filled  up  with  stones  of  all  descriptions.  I  am  positive  that 
these  heaps  are  not  natural.  All  these  remains  are  included  in 
about  half  an  acre. 

This  account  is  free  from  extravagance  and  suggests  the  use  of 
the  spot  as  a  pound  for  deer,  terminating  a  driveway.  These  and 
other  animals  would  naturally  resort  there  to  drink.  With  or  with 
out  contracting  hedges  they  would  follow  their  own  paths,  and  the 
roadway  would  turn  them  toward  the  double  walls,  I,  F.  when  driven. 
Some  would  escape  only  to  encounter  other  hunters  at  the  wall  G. 
In  the  press  others  might  turn  back  and  meet  hunters  at  the  wall  E. 
The  circles  may  have  been  the  foundations  of  hunting  lodges,  and 
the  season  of  wild  fowl  would  afford  a  secondary  use.  The  usual 
course  was  to  make  a  pound  of  stakes  and  branches,  but  the  primi- 
tive hunter  was  quick  to  avail  himself  of  natural  advantages,  and 
was  not  sparing  of  work. 


TRAILS 

In  the  League  of  the  Iroquois,  Mr  Morgan  gave  a  definite  and 
interesting  account  of  the  principal  Indian  trails  of  New  York,  over- 
looking some  things  which  seriously  affected  his  scheme.  Sites  of 
Indian  towns  were  constantly  changing,  and  trails  of  necessity 
changed  and  were  forgotten.  An  abandoned  forest  path  is  soon 
obliterated.  All  his  towns  were  not  properly  located  if  the  record 
is  to  be  considered  two  centuries  old.  Much  of  the  time  Indians 
took  a  general  rather  than  a  fixed  course  in  going  from  place  to 
place,  for  the  advantage  of  hunting  or  for  other  reasons.  Thus 
trails  were  very  faint  in  some  places,  becoming  plainer  as  they 
approached  towns.  Remembering  such  things,  Mr  Morgan's  gen- 
eral plan  will  serve  as  a  proper  basis  for  some  remarks  on  Indian 
trails.  At  some  period  it  may  have  been  essentially  correct,  but  in 
the  nature  of  things  this  was  but  for  a  brief  time.  With  this  reser- 
vation it  deserves  high  praise. 

His  scheme  makes  the  trail  leave  Albany  along  the  old  turnpike, 
going  to  a  spring  6  miles  west  and  thence  to  Schenectady,  crossing 
the  river  at  the  ford,  where  a  bridge  was  afterward  built.  This 
may  be  allowed,  though  it  may  not  have  been  Van  Curler's  exact 
route  in  1634.  Yet  it  is  doubtful  whether  there  was  any  trail  or 
much  travel  there  before  the  Dutch  came,  for  the  Mahicans  at 
Albany  were  at  war  with  the  Mohawks  west  of  Schoharie  creek, 
and  made  their  footprints  as  light  as  possible.  At  Schenectady  the 
trail  probably  divided,  when  there  was  one,  following  both  banks 
of  the  Mohawk.  When  Van  Curler  followed  that  stream  westward 
in  1634,  all  the  Mohawk  towns  were  west  of  Schoharie  creek,  and 
the  Indians  did  not  care  to  ford  that  for  some  reason.  Curler 
crossed  the  river,  followed  the  north  bank  till  the  creek  was  passed, 
and  then  recrossed  to  the.  south  bank,  where  all  the  towns  were. 
When  all  these  were  on  the  north  side,  a  few  years  later,  there  was 
no  use  for  the  southern  trail.  When  the  south  bank  was  occupied 
it  was  used  again.  Mr  Morgan's  scheme  places  but  one  small 
village  on  the  north. 

In  1634,  and  for  some  years  later,  all  the  Mohawk  towns  were 
between  Schoharie  creek  and  Spraker's.  His  scheme  places 


34  XKW    YORK    MAM      Ml   SI. CM 

Te-hon-da-lo'-ga  at  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  Canajoharie  on  the 
east  bank  of  Ot-squa'-go  creek  at  Fort  Plain,  and  the  upper  Mohawk 
castle  in  Danul;e.  llerkhr.er  county.  Thence  his  trail  went  to  I'tica. 
\Vhitesboro,  Oriskany  and  Rome.  This  was  a  very  recent  route. 

On  the  north  he  supposed  that  the  trail  turned  off  to  John>town. 
a  modern  feature,  returning  to  the  river  at  Fonda,  and  going  thence 
to  Rome,  This  does  not  allow  for  the  fact  that  as  early  as  1600 
one  Mohawk  town  was  far  up  Cayadutta  creek,  another  still  farther 
on  the  Garoga,  and  a  third  on  the  Ot-squa'-go.  all  several  miles 
from  the  Mohawk.  Rome  was  not  an  objective  point  till  western 
trade  became  vigorous,  and  there  was  probably  little  travel  that  way 
till  the  i8th  century.  Van  Curler,  in  going  to  Oneida  in  1634. 
certainly  left  the  Mohawk  east  of  present  Canajoharie,  crossing  the 
hills  to  the  upper  waters  of  Oneida  creek.  Later  accounts  show 
that  this  was  long  the  only  great  trail,  and  this  fact  Morgan  over- 
looked. This  affected  his  scheme  beyond  the  portage.  Me  said  : 

From  Rome  the  main  trail,  taking  a  southwest  direction,  passed 
through  Verona,  Te-o-na-tale',  and  finally  came  out  at  Oneida  Castle. 
This  was  the  principal  village  of  the  Oneidas. 

Knowing  the  latter  was  a  recent  town.  Gen.  John  S.  Clark  placed 
Old  Oneida  in  the  southwest  corner  of  Vernon,  where  Sauthier's 
map  shows  it.  On  his  map  of  1700  Colonel  Romer  marked  his 
route  as  leaving  the  Mohawk  at  the  third  castle,  thence  southwesterly 
near  the  head  of  Schuyler  lake,  thence  west  to  Old  Oneida,  whence 
a  branch  trail  led  to  the  portage.  Being  on  horseback  his  party  took 
the  main  road  west  to  ( )nondaga. 

From  the  'modern  Oneida  Castle.  Morgan's  trail  went  through 
Canastota,  Canaseraga,  Chittenango  and  the  Deep  Spring,  Manlius 
and  Jamesville,  to  Onondaga  Valley.  Xo  colonial  traveler  mentions 
Deep  Spring,  though  one  of  Gansevoort's  officers  spoke  of  it  as 
"Sunken  Spring  in  the  road,"  in  1779.  and  the  Onondagas  tell  me 
that  their  favorite  resting  place  was  at  Green  lake,  near  Kirkville 
and  north  of  this  route.  Johnson  and  the  Moravians  alike  show 
that  the  main  trail  in  1756  was  a  mile  south  of  Jamesville,  entering 
Onondaga  valley  far  south  of  the  turnpike.  The  Moravian  journals 
show  that  there  were  several  trails  between  Oneida  and  Onondaga. 
touching  the  Tuscarora  towns. 


TRAILS  35 

Mr  Morgan's  three  Onondaga  villages  are  not  well  located,  as 
is  easily  proved.  Ka-na-ta-go'-wa,  or  great  village,  is  now  where 
he  placed  it,  but  it  was  3  miles  north  of  this  in  1779,  the  farthest 
north  of  all.  There  was  no  village  at  Gis-twe-ah'-na.  In  this 
scheme  the  trail  passed  up  the  hill  west  of  the  present  village  of 
Onondaga  Valley,  northwest  through  the  sites  of  Camillus  and 
Elbridge,  thence  through  Sennett  and  Auburn,  crossing  Owasco- 
creek  just  above  the  prison,  following  the  old  turnpike  halfway  to 
Cayuga  lake,  then  going  direct  to  the  old  Cayuga  ferry,  half  a  mile 
above  Cayuga  bridge.  It  crossed  the  foot  of  the  lake  about  4  miles 
farther  north,  at  the  old  fording  place  near  the  lower  bridge.  This, 
however,  was  not  the  trail  used  by  the  Moravians  and  others 
in  the  middle  of  the  i8th  century.  That  went  directly  over  the 
hills  from  Onondaga,  at  that  time  4  miles  south  of  the  present 
canal,  passed  some  miles  south  of  Marcellus  village,  crossed  the 
foot  of  Skaneateles  lake  and  that  of  Owasco,  reaching  the  village  of 
Ganiatarage  1^2  miles  north  of  Union  Springs,  intersecting  there 
the  trail  which  connected  the  Cayuga  villages  east  of  the  lake.  This 
was  also  Colonel  Gansevoort's  route  in  going  eastward  from  the  foot 
of  Cayuga  lake  to  Fort  Stanwix  in  1779.  The  principal  Cayuga 
village  was  at  Great  Gully  brook,  3  miles  southeast  of  Union 
Springs.  From  the  mouth  of  this  stream  the  lake  was  usually 
crossed  in  canoes,  and  the  trail  went  on  to  the  foot  of  Seneca  lake, 
passing  through  the  Cayuga  village  of  Nuquiage,  not  far  from  that 
lake.  This  is  an  historic  route  from  Onondaga  to  the  first  Seneca 
castle.  That  given  by  Mr  Morgan  seems  much  later. 

In  his  scheme,  after  fording  the  foot  of  Cayuga  lake,  the  trail 
followed  the  north  bank  of  Seneca  river  to  Seneca  lake.  He  noted 
another  trail,  crossing  the  lake  in  canoes,  and  running  west  from 
the  shore  to  Seneca  Falls.  Thence  it  followed  the  south  bank  of 
the  river,  intersecting  the  other  trail  at  the  lake,  and  running  il/2 
miles  north  to  the  first  Seneca  castle,  near  Geneva.  Thence  it  fol- 
lowed nearly  the  line  of  the  turnpike  to  Canandaigua,  at  the  foot  of 
that  lake. 

The  Moravian  journals  make  quite  a  difference  here.  From  the 
foot  of  Seneca  lake  they  went  4  miles  west-southwest  to  a  deserted 


36  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 

town,  where  the  trail  divided,  one  path  going  to  the  head  and  the 
other  to  the  foot  of  Canandaigua  lake.  There  were  others  to 
various  points.  At  last  they  found  the  right  one,  but  a  very  bad 
road.  This  took  them  through  old  Onnachee  in  Hopewell,  and 
Canandaigua  lake  was  then  called  by  this  name.  The  outlet  was 
crossed  on  a  rude  Indian  bridge.  Ganataqueh  (Canandaigua)  was 
a  few  miles  beyond,  on  a  hill.  Thence  they  went  to  Hachniage 
(Honeoye)  near  the  foot  of  Honeoye  lake.  Still  going  west  they 
crossed  Noehnta  creek,  the  outlet  of  Hemlock  lake,  and  came  to 
Ohegechrage  or  Conesus  lake.  Ten  miles  farther  they  reached 
Zonesschio  (Geneseo)  on  the  Genesee  river,  but  not  the  later  site. 

This  is  essentially  one  of  Morgan's  two  trails.  One  of  these  went 
southwest  from  Canandaigua  to  the  foot  of  Honeoye  lake,  then  in 
sight  of  Hemlock  lake,  passing  the  foot  of  Conesus  lake,  crossing 
the  Genesee  at  the  present  Geneseo,  and  leading  to  Little  Beard's 
town,  at  one  time  the  largest  Seneca  village.  This  had  no  existence 
in  1750  on  its  later  site,  and  Geneseo  was  then  near  the  mouth  of 
Canaseraga  creek. 

The  other  trail,  considered  the  main  one  by  Morgan,  went  from 
Canandaigua  through  the  villages  of  West  Bloomfield  and  Lima,  to 
Avon  on  the  Genesee,  crossing  the  river  a  few  rods  above  the  bridge, 
and  following  the  bank  to  Ganowauges  a  mile  above.  This  is  satis- 
factory for  quite  recent  times,  but  it  leaves  out  the  important  early 
villages  near  Honeoye  Falls  and  in  Mendon,  as  well  as  the  great 
fort  and  town  near  the  village  of  Victor.  The  great  trail  certainly 
once  included  these.  Guy  Johnson's  map  of  1771  has  two  of  these 
trails  from  Canandaigua,  and  a  third  one  farther  south.  Pouchot's 
map  of  1758  is  of  more  interest  than  value,  as  he  probably  had  not 
been  over  the  road,  but  notes  on  these  various  charts  may  be 
reserved  for  an  appropriate  place. 

The  remaining  section  of  the  main  trail,  as  given  by  Morgan, 
lies  west  of  the  Genesee  river,  in  a  region  where  there  were  no 
Seneca  villages  in  1650.  It  led  from  the  river  to  the  great  Caledonia 
spring,  then  through  the  village  of  Leroy,  crossing  Black  creek 
near  Stafford  and  striking  Tonawanda  creek  a  mile  above  Batavia. 
Passing  through  that  place,  it  turned  northwest  through  Caryville, 


TRAILS  37 

and  led  to  the  present  Seneca  village  of  Tonawanda.  There  it 
"branched.  One  path  led  northwest,  through  the  creek  and  swamp, 
past  Royalton  and  then  to  the  Cold  spring  2  miles  northeast  of 
Lockport.  Continuing  northwest  it  reached  the  ridge  road  and  ter- 
minated at  the  Tuscarora  village  near  Lewiston.  This  latter  trail 
of  course  dates  from  the  occupation  of  that  reservation. 

The  other  branch  went  southwest  from  the  Indian  village  to 
Akron  and  Clarence  Hollow,  thence  to  Williamsville  and  the  head 
of  Main  street,  Buffalo,  where  it  ended.  Mr  Morgan  said: 

This  trail  was  traced  through  the  overhanging  forest  for  almost 
its  entire  length.  In  the  trail  itself  there  was  nothing  particularly 
remarkable.  It  was  usually  from  12  to  18  inches  wide,  and  deeply 
worn  in  the  ground ;  varying  in  this  respect  from  3  to  6,  and  even 
12  inches,  depending  upon  the  firmness  of  the  soil.  The  large  trees 
on  each  side  were  frequently  marked  with  the  hatchet.  Morgan, 
P429 

It  remains  to  notice  his  lake  and  river  trails.  From  Oswego  one 
followed  the  lake  ridge  to  Irondequoit  bay,  turning  up  the  bay  to 
its  head,  crossing  the  Genesee  at  the  Rochester  aqueduct,  striking 
the  ridge  road  at  the  lower  falls  and  going  west  to  the  Tuscarora 
village,  a  recent  town. 

A  trail  followed  the  Genesee  river  on  each  side,  connecting  the 
recent  Seneca  villages  occupying  the  valley.  These  need  not  be 
mentioned  here,  and  for  many  interesting  details  the  reader  is 
referred  to  Morgan's  valuable  work. 

Trails  naturally  converged  at  Tioga  point,  where  the  Chemung 
united  with  the  Susquehanna,  and  these  became  important  thorough- 
fares for  the  Iroquois  in  their  later  wars.  From  this  point  he 
named  two  trails  up  the  Susquehanna.  One  followed  the  north 
bank,  crossing  the  Chenango  at  Binghamton,  thence  to  the  Unadilla, 
and  there  intersecting  the  Oneida  trail.  The  I/rail  again  branched 
at  Charlotte  river,  one  branch  going  to  the  Cherry  Valley  creek 
and  then  to  Canajoharie.  The  other  followed  the  Charlotte  to 
its  head,  crossed  to  the  Cobleskill,  intersecting  the  Schoharie  trail 
at  Schoharie  creek,  ending  at  the  lower  Mohawk  castle.  A  branch 
turned  up  Foxes  creek,  crossed  the  Helderbergs  and  ended  at 


38  NEW    YORK    STATK    MUSEUM 

Albany.  This  was  the  Indian  Ladder  road.  Another  crossed  tin- 
town  of  Middleburg  to  the  Catskill,  following  that  stream  to  the 
Hudson. 

It  is  evident  that  these  trails  came  from  the  recent  occupation  of 
Schoharie  creek  by  the  Mohawks,  of  the  Susquehanna  by  the 
Oneidas  and  Tuscaroras,  and  of  the  Chemung  by  the  Cayugas ;  in 
part  by  all.  In  1753  there  was  no  road  at  all  along  the  north  bank 
of  the  Susquehanna  from  Owego  to  the  Chenango  river. 

It  is  so  obvious  that  most  trails  came  from  the  situation  of  town?-. 
changing  as  these  did,  that  it  can  be  assumed  that  trails  connected 
all  friendly  towns  of  any  given  period.  Their  rapid  obliteration 
may  also  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  no  one  pretends  to  locate, 
by  physical  features  or  oral  tradition,  any  trail  used  250  years  ago. 
We  know  the  general  course  of  some  yet  older,  but  not  because  any 
one  has  seen  their  traces.  In  still  more  cases  we  know  where  early 
towns  stood,  but  have  no  hint  what  thoroughfares  led  -to  other 
places.  These  certainly  existed,  but  have  left  no  visible  signs. 
Indeed  it  is  quite  probable  that  the  later  trails  had  their  prominent 
features  more  from  the  white  man's  shoes  and  the  hoofs  of  cattle 
than  from  the  Indian's  moccasin.  Woodland  paths  are  common 
now  by  every  lake  and  stream ;  when  and  by  whom  were  they  made  ? 
Ask  our  farmers,  hunters  and  fishermen. 

That  Indian  trails  were  well  defined  from  Utica  westward,  soon 
after  the  Revolution,  no  one  will  doubt.  That  some  of  them  afforded 
the  best  lines  of  travel  for  pioneers  is  just  as  clear.  The  Indian 
was  a  well  trained  woodman,  and  the  white  man  profited  by  his 
skill,  but  in  the  nature  of  things  the  great  results  would  have  been 
much  the  same  had  the  latter  been  left  to  himself.  The  New  York 
Central  Railroad  would  have  gone  from  Albany  to  Buffalo  had  there 
never  been  an  Indian  trail  in  the  State. 

Some  of  these  early  routes  have  interest,  and  the  location  of  some 
on  early  maps  may  be  mentioned.  A  few  local  trails  will  be  also 
referred  to,  but  it  is  evident  that  no  complete  account  could  be  given 
unless  we  knew  the  age  and  nationality  of  every  town. 

The  earliest  trail  which  can  be  traced  westward  from  Albany  is 
from  the  itinerary  of  Arent  Van  Curler  in  1634.  His  recorded  miles 


TRAILS  39 

are  each  equal  to  about  2  English  miles,  and  the  latter  will  be  used 
here.  There  were  then  no  white  settlements  west  of  Albany,  and 
the  Mohawks  were  all  west  of  Schoharie  creek.  The  first  day, 
having  traveled  16  miles,  he  was  near  the  Mohawk  river.  The 
second  he  went  2  miles,  crossed  the  river  and  walked  20  miles  more. 
The  third  he  recrossed  the  Mohawk,  and  a  mile  farther  came  to 
Onekagoncka,  the  first  Mohawk  castle.  A  mile  farther  Canowarocle 
was  passed,  and  Senatsycrosy  at  the  end  of  another.  Canagere, 
the  second  castle,  was  3  miles  beyond,  or  44  from  Albany.  The 
third  castle,  Sohanidisse,  was  3  miles  farther.  Osguage  was  a  mile 
beyond,  and  Cawaoge  still  another.  The  fourth  castle,  Tenotoge, 
was  2  miles  farther,  east  of  the  present  Canajoharie,  and  about  51 
miles  from  Albany.  For  at  least  13  miles  he  had  followed  the  south 
bank  of  the  river.  Like  later  travelers,  he  now  soon  left  it.  Leav- 
ing Spraker's  he  took  a  westerly  course,  crossing  Canajoharie  creek 
but  passing  south  of  the  next  large  stream,  the  Otsquago.  That 
day's  tramp  of  14  miles  ended  on  high  land  near  the  west  line  of 
Montgomery  county.  The  next  day  15  miles  brought  him  near 
Jordanville.  Next  -day  he  crossed  two  branches  of  the  Unadilla, 
probably  near  North  Winfield  and  North  Bridgewater,  or  a  little 
farther  south,  camping  a  little  west  of  the  west  branch,  after  walking 
15  miles.  The  next  day  their  course  was  near  Sangerfield  or  Water- 
ville,  but  at  the  end  of  16  miles  they  had  not  quite  reached  Oriskany 
creek.  This  they  saw  next  morning,  and  at  the  end  of  9  miles  they 
were  at  Oneida,  east  of  Oneida  creek  and  near  Munnsville.  They 
walked  through  the  snow,  and  the  miles  seemed  long. 

The  records  of  the  sojourn  of  Father  Jogues,  in  1642  and  later, 
tell  us  nothing  of  the  main  trail,  still  on  the  south  side  of  the 
Mohawk,  but  show  many  minor  trails  from  place  to  place  and  for 
many  purposes,  as  we  might  expect. 

The  famous  horseback  ride  of  Wentworth  Greenhalgh  in  1677, 
Avhen  he  went  from  Albany  almost  to  the  Genesee  river,  shows  a 
little  variation.  There  were  four  Mohawk  castles  and  one  small 
village,  all  on  the  north  side  of  the  river.  That  he  followed  the 
same  trail  as  Van  Curler  when  he  left  this,  may  be  gathered  from 


4O  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

his  saying  that  Oneida  was  "  about  30  miles  distant  from  the 
Maquaes  river,  which  lyes  to  the  northward."  Onondaga  was  still 
in  Pompey,  about  2  miles  south  of  Morgan's  later  trail.  The  Seneca 
towns  lay  north  of  that  route,  and  he  passed  Cayuga  lake  by  some 
path  available  for  horses,  evidently  on  the  north. 

The  trail  from  the  last  Mohawk  castle  to  Onondaga  changed  but 
little  for  a  great  length  of  time,  and  only  as  the  two  places  and 
Oneida  changed  their  sites.  It  was  always  the  practice  to  leave  the 
river  at  the  upper  Mohawk  town,  and  take  the  direct  overland  trail. 
This  is  the  route  laid  down  on  Colonel  Romer's  map  of  1700,  and 
when  Johannes  Bleeker  jr  and  David  Schuyler  went  to  Onondaga 
in  1701,  they  said  that  they  got  to  Eghwake  creek,  the  east  branch 
of  the  Unadilla,  on  the  evening  of  June  7.  Oneida  had  been  moved 
northeast  of  its  former  site,  and  they  reached  there  next  day.  Part 
of  the  early  trail  had  been  abandoned,  but  much  of  it  was  still  used. 

At  that  time  there  was  little  land  travel  along  the  Mohawk  above 
Little  Falls,  yet  the  portage  at  Rome  was  sometimes  used.  On 
Colonel  Romer's  map  a  trail  leads  from  Oneida  to  that  spot,  and 
runs  at  right  angles  to  the  main  road,  from  which  it  was  a  short  day's 
journey.  When  a  trading  post  was  established  at  Oswego  it  became 
an  important  thoroughfare.  This  is  what  Romer's  companions 
wrote  in  October  1700: 

loth  Col.  Romer  told  us  that  his  instruccons  were  to  see  how 
much  lesse  the  Carrying  place  could  be  made ;  whereupon  we 
resolved  forthwith  to  go  thither,  as  we  did,  with  an  Indian  which 
we  hired  who  shew  us  the  way.  nth  d°  We  came  by  a  most  miser- 
able path  to  the  Carrying  Place,  wch  we  viewed  as  farr  as  the  Wood 
Creek,  when  Col.  Romer  resolved  to  go  to  Oneyda.  I2th  do.  In  ye 
evening  we  came  to  Oneyda.  O'Callaghan,  4:807 

From  this  and  the  map  it  will  be  seen  how  far  the  portage  was- 
from  the  main  trail.  On  the  map  the  trail  goes  from  Oneida  to 
Onondaga,  then  on  Butternut  creek,  and  from  that  town  the  party 
traversed  two  trails  only:  one  to  Onondaga  lake  and  the  other  to 
the  fishing  place  on  Chittenango  creek. 

A  few  years  later  Onondaga  was  moved  to  the  east  side  of  Onon- 
daga creek,  but  this  removal  had  most  effect  on  the  branch  trails, 


TRAILS  41 

the  main  one  changing  but  little,  still  passing  the  old  town  a  mile 
south  of  Jamesville,  where  the  pickets  long  remained. 

Guy  Johnson's  map  of  1771  has  a  trail  from  Oneida,  through 
"  Ganaghsaraga,  a  Tuscarora  town  "  to  Onondaga,  and  thence  by 
way  of  Owasco  lake  to  the  foot  of  Cayuga,  following  the  north 
bank  of  Seneca  river  to  Seneca  lake  and  Canadasegy.  Canadaragey 
(Canandaigua)  next  appears,  and  there  are  three  trails  thence  to 
Genesee  river.  The  southern  goes  by  Anarara  (Honeoye)  to 
Chenussio;  the  middle  one  direct  to  the  same  place,  and  the  third 
to  Canawagus,  while  another  runs  northeast  from  Canawagus  to  the 
head  of  Irondequoit  bay.  From  Geneseo  the  trail  goes  direct  to 
Fort  Schlosser  on  Niagara  river,  and  small  villages  appear  along 
the  way.  A  trail  ascends  the  east  side  of  Genesee  river,  and  else- 
where Kanestio  is  connected  with  Ganuskago  (Dansville).  There 
are  no  trails  on  the  Susquehanna,  the  river  being  used  instead. 

Sauthier's  map  of  1779,  made  by  order  of  Governor  Tryon,  shows 
some  of  the  changes  made  as  the  frontier  extended.  Some  of  the 
earlier  trails  still  appear  south  of  the  Mohawk,  but  there  are  new 
starting  places  on  that  river.  The  German  Flats  afforded  two,  and 
there  was  another  road  on  the  north  side.  Fort  Schuyler  (Utica) 
had  become  a  starting  point  for  Old  Oneida  and  the  towns  beyond. 
On  this  trail  were  Old  Oneyda,  Canowaroghare,  (now  Oneida 
Castle),  Canadasseoa  and  Canassaraga  Castle,  two  Tuscarora  towns. 
From  the  latter  one  trail  went  to  Three  Rivers,  and  another  to 
Onondaga,  then  on  Onondaga  creek.  From  Canowaroghare  one 
went  to  Fort  Stanwix,  and  another  to  the  Royal  Blockhouse  by  way 
of  New  Oneyda  Castle  (now  Oneida  Valley).  From  the  latter 
place  one  reached  Wood  creek,  while  another  went  to  Fort  Stanwix. 
Among  others  one  went  due  north  through  the  wilderness  to  Ogdens- 
burg,  then  called  Oswegatchie. 

Lieutenant  Lodge's  map,  made  in  the  campaign  of  1779,  carries 
the  trail  south  of  Conesus  lake.  Pouchot's  map  has  some  special 
features,  but  they  are  of  doubtful  value.  The  Jesuit  Relations 
contribute  little  on  this  subject,  though  some  make  it  clear  that 
there  was  a  good  trail  from  Salmon  river  to  Onondaga  by  way  of 
Brewerton,  and  apparently  one  from  the  same  place  to  Oneida 


42  NK\V    YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 

passing  the  other  end  of  Oneida  lake.  On  the  Jesuit  map  of  1665 
the  Black  and  Oswegatchie  rivers  both  bear  the  title,  "  R.  qui  vient 
du  coste  d'agne  "  or  the  Mohawk  country.  By  the  latter  route  the 
Mohawks  took  Father  Poncet  back  to  Canada  in  1652.  For  a  con- 
siderable part  of  the  way  the  routes  were  one.  Gen.  J.  S.  Clark 
has  elaborated  the  full  route  very  clearly,  in  a  note  to  Rev.  Dr 
Charles  Hawley's  translation  of  the  Relations  as  they  concerned 
the  Mohawks.  He  supposed  that  one  trail  from  the  Mohawk  fol- 
lowed its  north  bank  to  Rome,  continuing  along  the  line  of  the 
present  Rome  &  Watertown  Railroad  till  it  struck  Salmon  river, 
10  or  12  miles  from  the  lake.  From  the  Mohawk  another  followed 
the  west  bank  of  West  Canada  creek  and  near  the  line  of  the  Black 
River  Railroad  and  Black  river  to  Great  Bend.  Lake  Ontario  might 
then  be  reached  by  following  the  stream,  or  by  a  portage  of  a  few 
miles  to  Indian  river  the  St  Lawrence  might  be  entered  through  the 
Oswegatchie.  The  usual  war  path  of  the  Mohawks  was  through 
Lake  Champlain  and  the  Sorel  river.  The  lake  was  reached  by 
several  trails. 

The  trail  by  which  the  French  usually  came  to  early  Onondaga 
led  from  the  mouth  of  Salmon  river  to  Brewerton,  and  thence  it 
varied  as  the  village  moved.  The  French  at  last  came  by  way  of 
Oswego.  Champlain  also  came  by  way  of  Brewerton,  but  where  he 
left  Lake  Ontario  has  been  much  disputed.  It  was  far  to  the  north- 
east of  Oswego,  and  Salmon  river  has  been  thought  a  probable  place. 
That  he  crossed  the  Chittenango  at  Bridgeport  is  likely,  and  that  he 
followed  a  trail  is  evident  from  encountering  a  party  going  to  the 
fishing  place.  The  path  probably  led  up  the  ridge  east  of  the 
Chittenango  valley,  but  has  left  no  traces. 

The  trails  leading  to  the  Susquehanna  valley  became  important 
nearly  200  years  ago,  when  the  Iroquois  land  claims  in  Pennsyl- 
vania assumed  a  new  aspect.  They  had  been  matters  for  diplomatic 
action,  even  in  the  i/th  century.  When  the  Iroquois  realized  that 
there  was  money  in  them  they  sent  a  resident  viceroy  to  rule  their 
subjects  there  and  care  for  their  lands.  This  and  their  southern 
wars  led  to  many  journeys.  As  early  as  1737  Conrad  Weiser  was 
sent  as  an  ambassador  to  Onondaga  by  way  of  Owego.  In  1743 


TRAILS  43 

he  went  again  with  quite  a  party  on  horseback,  and  in  the  party 
were  John  Bartram  and  Lewis  Evans.  The  latter  made  a  map  of 
the  route,  the  former  wrote  the  itinerary.  In  1745  Bishop  Spangen- 
t>erg  came  over  much  the  same  route,  and  his  party  also  rode.  In 
1750  Bishop  Cammerhoff  and  Zeisberger  tried  a  different  course, 
•coming  in  canoes  as  far  as  Waverly  on  the  Chemung  river,  and 
going  thence  to  Cayuga  on  horseback.  While  previous  travelers 
had  gone  by  way  of  Owego  creek  and  Cortland  county,  they  fol- 
lowed Wynkoop  creek,  passed  Cayuta  lake,  reached  the  site  of 
Ithaca,  and  went  down  the  east  side  of  Cayuga  lake  to  the  Cayuga 
towns.  All  of  these  journals  are  of  interest,  but  while  some  parts 
of  the  route  are  easily  recognized,  some  are  hard  to  identify,  nor 
was  the  path  always  quite  the  same,  even  in  going  and  returning. 
Between  Bartram's  account  of  the  road  and  that  of  Spangenberg 
there  is  quite  a  difference,  though  they  had  the  same  guides  and 
made  the  trip  but  two  years  apart. 

Each  may  be  summarized  after  leaving  Owego.  Bartram's  gen- 
eral course  was  on  the  east  side  of  Owego  and  West  creeks,  crossing 
a  steep  hill  to  a  tributary  of  Fall  creek,  and  passing  some  ponds  in 
the  town  of  Cortland.  From  the  site  of  Homer  he  followed  the 
west  branch  of  the  Tioughnioga,  seeing  Mount  Toppin  but  not  the 
ponds  near  by,  and  crossed  to  a  branch  of  the  Susquehanna  rising 
in  Pompey.  Part  of  Pompey  hill  was  crossed  and  the  Indian  vil- 
lage in  La  Fayette  visited.  The  Onondaga  valley  was  entered  from 
the  southeast.  The  route  was  slightly  changed  on  the  return,  and 
a  branch  trail  led  to  Onaquaga. 

In  his  notes  on  Spangenberg's  journey  in  1745,  Mr  John  W. 
Jordan  made  his  route  up  Owego  and  Catatonk  creeks,  leaving  the 
latter  above  Candor,  crossing  Ganatowcherage  or  West  creek  in 
Richford  township,  passing  over  Prospect  hill  in  Harford  and  a 
creek  in  Virgil  which  is  an  affluent  of  Fall  creek,  and  reaching 
•Crandall's  pond  in  Cortland.  It  may  be  that  the  route  was  up  West 
creek  instead  of  Catatonk,  as  in  Bartram's  route.  From  Crandall's 
pond  or  Lake  Ganiataragachrachat  they  went  to  Big  lake  or 
•Ganneratareske  in  Preble,  and  thence  to  Oserigooch,  the  largest  lake 


44  NEW  YORK  STATE   MUSEl'M 

in  Tully.  Beyond  this  the  trail  was  bad,  but  they  went  by  way 
of  Cardiff,  as  later  travelers  did.  Most  of  the  trail  to  Owego  was 
so  little  used  that  it  was  hardly  discernible  even  to  Indians,  who 
depended  as  much  on  the  lay  of  the  land  as  the  actual  path. 

Zeisberger  and  Frey  attempted  this  route  alone  in  1753,  starting 
properly  from  Owego,  but  losing  the  faint  trail  so  often  that  they 
were  discouraged  and  turned  back.  Afterward  they  were  told  that 
if  they  had  gone  on  a  day  longer  they  would  "  have  had  a  good 
road,  because  two  roads  meet  there,  and  a  road  branches  off,  turning 
toward  Cayuga  lake.  It  is  much  frequented."  Their  observation 
on  this  is  of  interest : 

The  Indians  had  no  proper  trail,  but  where  they  cannot  distinguish 
it  each  one  runs  through  the  woods  according  to  his  own  judgment. 
Consequently  it  frequently  occurs  that  from  two  to  three  miles,  and 
farther,  there  is  no  visible  road.  Zeisberger,  p.  1753 

On  this  occasion  they  finally  went  up  the  east  branch  of  the 
Tioughnioga  by  canoe  as  far  as  they  could,  leaving  it  northeast  of 
Cortland  and  crossing  the  hill  to  Onogariske  creek,  now  called  the 
west  branch  of  the  Tioughnioga.  When  they  left  the  river  the 
Indian  guides  "  ran  hither  and  thither  into  the  forest,  until  at  length 
they  found  a  path."  They  reached  the  west  branch  between  Homer 
and  Preble,  and  "  the  trail  that  comes  up  from  Owego,  and  is  quite 
clearly  defined  here."  At  the  lake  the  trail  divided,  one  branch 
going  to  Onondaga  and  the  other  to  the  village  of  Tueyahdassoo^ 
where  other  trails  diverged. 

It  is  evident  that  hundreds  of  trails  have  left  neither  trace  nor 
tradition,  though  some  were  once  of  great  importance.  Wherever 
there  were  towns  or  frequent  camps  there  must  have  been  forest 
paths.  In  a  score  of  counties  there  was  a  network  of  these,  old 
and  new,  almost  as  complex  as  our  own  roads  now.  No  general 
scheme  of  these  is  possible,  but  it  may  be  assumed  that  all  early 
towns  were  connected  and  most  lakes  and  valleys  were  accessible 
by  them.  Even  distant  points  were  reached  by  the  most  practicable 
routes.  There  were  war  paths,  hunting  paths  and  paths  of  peace. 
Very  few  of  these  are  on  record  and  it  will  suffice  to  mention  those 
briefly. 


TRAILS  45 

In  Albany  county  the  Indian  Ladder  road  is  well  known,  a  recent 
trail  from  Albany  to  the  Schoharie  valley,  crossing"  the  Helderbergs 
in  Guilder-land.  Five  trails  were  mentioned  in  Rensselaerville  in 
1711,  and  the  Schenectady  trail  soon  became  important. 

In  Broome  county  the  trail  to  Binghamton,  over  Oquaga  mountain 
and  another  nearer  Windsor,  were  worn  deep.  These  were  recent,, 
there  being  no  early  settled  occupation  of  the  county. 

In  Cattaraugus  county  a  trail  ran  through  Carrollton,  following- 
Cold  Spring  creek  and  passing  into  Napoli  on  lot  41.  A  trail  from 
Allegheny  river  followed  the  same  creek  into  New  Albion.  Thence 
it  went  to  Niagara  Falls  and  Canada. 

In  Cayuga  county  some  trails  appear  on  maps  relating  to  Sulli- 
van's campaign.  Gen.  John  S.  Clark  placed  Thiohero  "  at  the  foot 
of  Cayuga  lake,  on  the  east  side,  at  the  exact  point  where  the  bridge 
of  the  Middle  Turnpike  left  the  east  shore.  The  trail  across  the 
marsh  followed  the  north  bank  of  an  ancient  channel  of  the  Seneca 
river."  The  early  trails  were  very  many,  and  the  Moravians 
described  some. 

There  are  a  few  trails  on  record  in  Chemung  county,  and  some 
appear  on  the  Susquehanna  in  Chenango  county.  In  Columbia 
county  the  stone  heaps  were  by  Indian  trails,  and  on  the  map  of 
the  Livingston  patent  a  trail  crosses  it  midway  from  east  to  west. 
Reference  has  been  made  to  trails  in  Cortland  county,  followed  by 
the  Moravians. 

A  wide  trail  followed  the  Charlotte  river  in  Delaware  county,  in 
1786.  In  Franklin  county  are  early  and  recent  portages.  A  trail 
called  the  Catskill  Path  led  from  Castle  Heights  due  north  to  the 
Coxsackie  plains  in  Greene  county.  Some  recent  portages  alone 
represent  the  many  early  trails  of  Jefferson  county,  but  the  recent 
trails  of  Madison  county  are  better  known.  One  of  these  was  from 
Oneida  to  Chittenango,  and  thence  to  Onondaga,  passing  some  dis- 
tance south  of  Canaseraga.  A  well  defined  trail  went  from  Oneida 
creek,  through  the  west  part  of  Hamilton,  and  down  the  Chenango 
river.  The  Oneidas  and  Tuscaroras  came  up  that  river  in  canoes 
as  far  as  they  could,  and  diverged  to  their  several  towns. 


46  NK\\   VOKK  STATK  MrsKf.M 

Mr  George  H.  Harris  has  left  us  an  excellent  account  of  the  trails 
in  the  lower  Genesee  valley,  and  his  judicious  remarks  are  quoted 
here: 

In  general  appearance  these  roads  did  not  differ  in  any  particular 
from  the  ordinary  woods  or  meadow  path  of  the  present  day.  They 
were  narrow  and  winding,  but  usually  connected  the  objective 
points  by  as  direct  a  course  as  natural  obstacles  would  permit.  In 
the  general  course  of  a  trail  three  points  were  carefully  considered — 
first,  seclusion ;  second,  directness,  and,  third,  a  dry  path.  The  trail 
beaten  was  seldom  over  15  inches  broad,  passing  to  the  right  or 
left  of  trees  or  other  obstacles,  around  swamps  and  occasionally 
over  the  apex  of  elevations,  though  it  generally  ran  a  little  one  side 
of  the  extreme  top,  especially  in  exposed  situations.  .  .  Fallen 
trees  and  logs  were  never  removed,  the  trail  was  either  continued 
over  or  took  a  turn  around  them.  The  Indians  built  no  bridges, 
small  streams  were  forded  or  crossed  on  logs,  while  rivers  and  lakes 
were  ferried  on  rafts  or  in  canoes.  Harris,  p.37 

To  these  general  rules  exceptions  will  be  found,  as  in  the  case 
of  bridges,  and  sometimes  swamps.  Mr  Harris  noted  a  branch  trail 
from  Canandaigua  lake  to  the  head  of  Irondequoit  bay,  then  to 
Genesee  falls  and  along  the  lake  ridge  to  the  Niagara  river.  Trails 
converged  above  and  below  Rochester  at  two  points.  The  trail  from 
Canandaigua  was  on  the  Pittsford  road,  dividing  a  little  east  of 
Allen's  creek,  and  going  to  Brewer's  landing.  Several  branch  trails 
diverged  from  it.  The  other  trail  reached  the  river  near  Franklin 
and  North  St  Paul  streets. 

A  trail  came  to  South  Rochester  from  Caledonia  springs.  Several 
others  are  mentioned  in  and  about  the  city,  two  being  portage  trails. 
There  were  others  about  Irondequoit  bay,  but  he  differs  from 
Morgan  only  in  added  details.  Mr  O.  H.  Marshall  also  described 
the  trails  followed  by  De  Nonville's  army  in  1687. 

Mr  Irving  W.  Coates  said  that  five  trails  met  at  Littleville,  on 
the  Canandaigua  outlet  in  Ontario  county,  and  traced  their  general 
course.  Others  were  mentioned  in  Sullivan's  campaign  and  in  the 
Moravian  journal. 

Mr  Jeptha  R.  Simms  mentioned  several  trails  in  Schoharie  county, 
with  more  details  than  Morgan  gave.  In  Ulster  county  a  great 
trail  started  from  Saugerties,  followed  the  Esopus,  crossing  to  the 


TRAILS  47 

Rondout  at  Marbletown,  leaving  that  stream  at  Napanoch,  passing 
through  Mamakating  hollow,  and  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  Never- 
sink  river  at  Port  Jervis.  In  these  and  other  cases  most  of  the  trails 
are  modern. 

With  these  data  before  us,  and  admitting  a  general  truth,  we  can 
see  that  the  Cayuga  chief  Wa-o-wo-wa-no'-onk,  or  Peter  Wilson, 
was  somewhat  rhetorical  when  he  said : 

The  Empire  State,  as  you  love  to  call  it,  was  once  laced  by  our 
trails  from  Albany  to  Buffalo, — trails  that  we  had  trod  for  centuries — 
trails  worn  so  deep  by  the  feet  of  the  Iroquois  that  they  became 
your  roads  of  travel,  as  your  possessions  gradually  eat  into  those  of 
my  people.  Your  roads  still  traverse  those  same  lines  of  communi- 
cation which  bound  one  part  of  the  Long  House  to  the  other. 


ADDENDA 

The  work  of  examining  collections  and  sites  has  thus  far  been  a 
personal  one,  the  practical  results  of  which  come  to  the  State 
Museum.  It  is  a  present  gratification  to  secure  figures  and  descrip- 
tions for  record  and  preservation,  but  it  is  hoped  that  this  will  be 
of  future  advantage  to  the  public.  Out  of  these  may  be  selected 
many  for  publication  by  the  writer  or  others.  Since  the  bulletin  on 
metallic  implements  was  published  several  fine  articles  of  native 
copper  have  come  to  light  and  been  figured,  described  and  recorded, 
but  they  are  axes,  spears  and  celts,  much  like  those  already  figured. 
A  later  history  has  been  secured  of  the  largest  native  copper  imple- 
ment found  here,  and  drawings  have  been  made  of  some  recent 
metallic  pipes.  Bone  articles  are  still  obtained,  Onondaga  and 
Montgomery  counties  yielding  most  harpoons.  One  unique  bone 
article  belongs  to  Mr  H.  A.  Pride  of  Holland  Patent.  It  is  flat, 
curved,  and  much  like  a  small  double  pointed  harpoon,  with  a  single 
barb  toward  each  end  of  the  concave  edge.  This  edge  expands 
toward  the  center,  allowing  a  perforation  in  the  widest  part.  The 
convex  edge  has  notches  and  one  surface  is  ornamented  with  lines. 
Mr  Pride  has  some  fine  pipes  and  one  undrilled  bannerstone  of 
striped  slate.  A  fine  flat  and  curved  bone  article,  which  he  took 
from  a  grave,  he  gave  to  the  writer.  It  is  sharp  at  both  ends  and 
has  parallel  grooves  at  one. 

Mr  Fred  C.  Gabriel  has  found  many  peculiarly  grooved  and 
worked  elliptic  pebbles  on  the  west  side  of  Seneca  lake  near  Watkins 
N.  Y.,  the  grooves  being  picked  or  ground,  and  usually  the  long 
way.  Some  are  otherwise  worked.  They  could  not  have  been  used 
as  hammers  and  seem  too  elaborate  for  sinkers.  Being  usually  found 
in  pairs  they  suggest  the  bolas,  and  this  or  the  sling  stone  might 
have  been  moderately  used  in  open  woods.  In  dense  woods  they 
could  not  have  been  thrown,  but  the  Indians  often  burned  the  under- 
brush. Such  stones  occur  on  Cayuga  and  Seneca  lakes,  but  mostly 
at  the  head  of  the  last.  Some  graves  near  the  latter  lake  have  been 
particularly  described.  A  fine  stone  bird  pipe  was  also  found  near 
Watkins.  The  claws,  tail  and  closed  wings  are  well  defined,  and 


ADDENDA  49 

it  is  3^4  inches  high.  An  unfinished  bird  amulet  was  also  found 
there,  and  also  a  cuneiform  slate  knife,  a  rarity  in  that  region. 

A  fine  red  sandstone  plummet,  3^5  inches  long,  is  from  Rowland 
island,  north  of  Cayuga  lake,  the  farthest  west  any  such  article  has 
been  found  on  Seneca  river.  A  beautiful  and  slender  one  is  from 
Jefferson  county.  A  smooth  pipe  of  red  sandstone,  found  near 
Savannah  N.  Y.,  weighs  i  pound  $%  ounces.  A  peculiar  Onon- 
daga  clay  pipe,  with  many  grotesque  human  faces,  has  heretofore 
been  found  only  on  a  site  west  of  Cazenovia.  A  stem  now  in  the 
writer's  hands,  came  from  Canoga,  on  the  west  shore  of  Cayuga 
lake.  It  has  the  character  of  all  the  rest,  but  had  been  carried  there 
and  used  as  a  bead. 

A  grave  was  opened  near  Athens,  Greene  co.,  in  1899  by  Dr  A.  H. 
Getty  of  that  place,  on  the  Saunders  farm.  It  was  in  a  sand  bed 
and  paved  with  cobblestones  brought  several  miles.  The  remaining 
bones  and  relics  were  about  4  feet  under  ground.  It  contained  300 
globular  native  copper  beads,  16  good  sized  shell  beads  of  unusual 
form,  4  longer  ones  perforated  at  each  end,  and  a  slate  gorget  with 
one  hole.  All  these  are  now  in  the  State  Museum. 

In  the  fall  of  1903  Mr  E.  Hollenbeck  found  an  olive  green  tube 
of  banded  slate  at  Hoffman's  Ferry.  It  is  somewhat  flattened  and 
has  a  groove  across  one  end.  Near  this  is  a  small  lateral  perfora- 
tion, much  like  the  vent  of  old  guns  in  appearance  and  position. 
In  this  respect  it  is  unique.  The  length  is  4^  inches. 

An  ossuary  was  opened  Sep.  8,  1904,  in  low  ground,  a  mile  east 
of  Macedon,  Wayne  co.,  and  near  the  creek.  Dr  C.  P.  Jennings, 
who  superintended  the  excavation,  writes :  "  We  found  there,  in 
one  pit,  at  least  60  skeletons  within  an  area  of  i  rod  square  and 
about  3  feet  deep."  Six  large  stones  were  found  with  these,  but 
no  relics. 

Mr  J.  E.  Mattern,  of  West  Rush,  Monroe  co.,  writes :  "  I  know 
-of  a  few  burial  sites  not  mentioned  in  your  bulletin  on  sites.  One 
is  about  6  feet  in  diameter  and  I  took  about  20  skeletons  out  of  it. 
The  bones  were  in  all  shapes.  They  were  thrown  in  after  the  flesh 
was  gone.  Last  fall  I  found  another  about  10  feet  from  the  one 
mentioned,  still  larger.  I  took  out  30  skeletons  and  did  not  dig  it 


50  NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 

all  out.     I  found  a  flint  knife,  3  shell  beads  and  a  bone  awl."     He 
reported  10,000  pieces  in  his  collection. 

In  Watertown,  Jefferson  co.,  Mr  R.  D.  Loveland  added  nearly 
40  pipes  in  1904  to  his  already  fine  collection,  and  a  large  number 
of  bone  articles.  In  both  there  were  pieces  of  very  great  interest. 
A  barbed  bone  fishhook  is  now  in  his  cabinet.  Messrs  Ainidon,  Get- 
man,  Loveland,  Wood  worth  and  others  could  furnish  a  notable 
exhibit  for  the  Jefferson  county  centennial. 

The  evolution  of  the  human  face  on  pottery  has  been  finely  illus- 
trated by  a  complete  series  from  Jefferson  county.  First  are  the 
three  circles  arranged  for  eyes  and  mouth ;  then  three  horizontal 
ellipses,  either  in  lines  or  excavations ;  these  are  next  inclosed  in  a 
diamond,  followed  by  a  pentagon  and  hexagon ;  then  lines  are  incised 
for  the  nostrils  and  sides  of  the  nose ;  and  last  comes  the  human 
face,  as  yet  rare  in  that  county.  The  absence  of  this  class  of  pottery 
from  Oneida  sites  has  long  been  a  matter  of  surprise  to  the  writer, 
but  now  he  has  an  example  from  Fish  creek  in  Oneida  county, 
though  none  from  a  village  site.  This  has  the  slender  form  of  a 
man,  with  the  usual  conventional  body  and  limbs.  A  still  more 
interesting  find  was  that  of  Mr  A.  B.  Skinner  on  Staten  Island 
made  last  spring.  On  a  camp  site  he  found  most  of  the  rim  of  an 
earthen  vessel,  having  "rude  raised  human  faces  upon  it."  They  are 
small,  four  in  number,  and  at  some  distance  from  the  top  of  the  ves- 
sel, which  had  a  pointed  base,  like  most  others  there.  It  should  be 
added  that  it  was  from  a  shell  heap,  of  which  Mr  Skinner  said : 
"  No  horn  or  bone  implements  obtained  here.  Recent  relics,  such 
as  a  brass  arrow  point,  bullets,  gunflints,  etc..  have  been  found." 
The  inference  would  be  that  it  was  either  the  work  of  an  Iroquois 
captive  or  of  an  Algonquin  who  had  been  in  the  hands  of  that  people. 
at  a  recent  date. 

A  gouge  with  ridged  back,  from  Lysander,  is  of  interest,  and  long 
and  fine  gouges  have  been  found  in  Chautauqua  county.  One  collec- 
tion has  several  fine  stone  mortars  from  Seneca  river,  and  another 
has  one  which  is  long,  elliptic  and  shallow.  A  small  and  deep  one 
came  from  Chautauqua  county.  A  curious  and  pretty  one  is  from 
Oneida  creek  and  may  have  been  used  for  paint.  It  is  small  and 


ADDENDA  51 

almost  globular,  being  2^4  inches  wide  by  2  deep,  flattened  below, 
and  with  an  excavation  nearly  an  inch  in  depth.  From  the  same 
place  came  a  fine  elliptic  grooved  granite  hammer,  6-Hs  inches  high 
by  3^  thick.  A  rougher  one  was  found  with  this.  Mr  Skinner 
reports  a  number  of  grooved  axes  found  on  Staten  Island,  of  various 
types.  One  weighed  15  pounds,  which  makes  it  one  of  the  largest 
size.  They  are  rather  frequent  on  Long  Island,  and  occur  also  along 
the  Pennsylvania  line. 

In  the  bulletin  on  wampum  it  was  noted  that  a  wampum  belt 
attached  to  an  Oneida  treaty  of  1788  could  not  readily  be  found 
for  illustration.  It  is  now  on  exhibition  in  the  State  Library  with 
the  original  record,  and  is  well  worth  attention  from  its  beauty  and 
known  history  and  use.  The  length  is  about  27  inches,  with  6  rows 
and  4  diagonal  double  bars  on  the  white  ground.  In  the  Archaeo- 
logical Report  of  the  Province  of  Ontario,  1901,  are  figures  and 
accounts  of  4  fine  Ottawa  belts.  One  has  the  date  of  1764  on  it, 
and  another  of  1786.  A  third  has  an  officer's  name,  and  may  be 
assigned  to  1815.  The  fourth  is  credited  to  the  same  year  as  the 
first.  Among  other  belts  examined  is  one  now  in  the  National 
Museum,  which  is  2  feet  long  and  8  rows  wide.  An  open  square 
at  each  end  is  joined  to  the  other  by  a  central  black  line. 

Ap.  n,  1903,  Mr  Alanson  B.  Skinner  read  a  paper  before  the 
Natural  Science  Association  of  Staten  Island  on  aboriginal  sites 
found  there,  enumerating  24  of  these,  but  afterward  adding  two 
more.  The  following  are  those  mentioned  in  his  paper,  but  he  said 
that  there  were  probably  others  along  the  south  and  east  shores 
not  yet  observed. 

1  Village  and  cemetery  at   Pelton's  cove,  between   Livingston 
and  West  New  Brighton.     The  cemetery  was  large. 

2  Village  at  West  New  Brighton,  between  Cedar  and  Dongan 
streets.     Skeletons  and  implements  were  found  in  the  spring  of  1903. 

3  At  Mariner's  Harbor  was  a  village  site  between  Blue-Bent 
field  and  Western  avenue,  near  the  shore.     Shell  heap  opened  in 
1902  near  Arlington  station.     Grooved  axes  and  other  early  articles. 

4  Village    on    Tuinessen's    or    Old    Place    neck.     The    earthen 
vessel  mentioned  came  from  a  shell  heap  there.     Recent  relics. 


52  NEW   YORK  STATE   Ml  SUM 

5  Relics  abundant  in  sand  dunes  and  hills  at  Bloomfield. 

6  Lodges  about  Watchogue  road,  near  Union  avenue,  Chelsea. 

7  Lodges  along  the  north  side  of  Long  neck,  Linoleumville. 

8  Lodges  on  the  south  side  of  the  neck.     No  relics  in  shell  pits. 

9  Site  with  graves  at  New  Springville,  on  Corson's  brook. 

10  Camp  between  Journeay  avenue  and  Annadale  road,  Green 
Ridge.     Early  relics. 

n  Small  village  on  Lake's  Meadow  island.     Early  relics. 

12  Small  village  on  Sandy  brook,  between  Pleasant  Plains  road 
and  Journeay  avenue.     Early  relics. 

13  Lodges   from  Cedar  hill  to  AYinant's  brook,  and  along  the 
shore  to  Rossville.     Early  relics. 

14  Shell  mounds  and  cemetery  near  Billopp  house,  Tottenville. 
Early  and  recent  relics.     Grooved  ax  of  15  pounds. 

15  Site  at  Bunker  hill,  Huguenot,  near  Arbutus  lake. 

16  Shell  heap  on  bluff  near  Seguine's  point. 

17  Site  on  Richmond  avenue,  near  Arrochar  station.     Probably 
others  near. 

18  Camp  at  Harbor  hill,  New  Brighton,  a  little  above  Castleton 
avenue. 

19  Camps  at  Silver  lake.     Relics  along  the  shore  near  St  George. 

20  Camp    on    Harbor   hill    near    Harbor    brook    and    Lafayette 
avenue. 

21  Camp  near  Bard  avenue  and  Clove  road,  above  Schoenian's 
pond. 

22  Large  camp  back  of  Richmond,  near  Ketchum's  mill  pond. 

23  Shell  heap  on  salt  meadow,  Oakwood,  near  Lake's  mill. 

24  Site  with  many  triangular  arrows  on  Ward's  hill,  near  Cebra 
avenue,  Tompkinsville.     There  were  shells  and  scattered  relics  near 
most  of  these  places. 


EXPLANATIONS   OF   PLATES 
Plate  1 


54  KEW   YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Road  map  of  Perch  lake  and  vicinity,  from  an  atlas  of  Jefferson 
county.  In  this  the  lake  differs  much  in  outline  and  extent  from 
the  contour  map,  but  may  have  been  fairly  accurate  at  an  earlier 
day.  All  remaining  mounds  on  the  east  side  are  between  the  high- 
way and  the  lake.  In  a  few  cases  they  are  at  some  distance  from 
the  shore.  Quite  a  space  separates  this  long  group  from  the  one 
on  Linnell's  island.  It  is  said  that  some  mounds  were  formerly 
near  Seven  Bridges,  on  Perch  river. 


Plate  1 


Plate  2 


56  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


A  sketch  map  of  Linnell's  island,  by  Dr  Getman,  showing  the 
general  arrangement  of  mounds  observed  on  the  Klock  and  Galley 
farms  in  1903.  This  terrace  is  southwest  of  Perch  lake,  and  was 
formerly  surrounded  by  swamps,  showing  a  higher  stage  of  water 
in  the  lake  in  earlier  days.  This  subsidence  has  greatly  changed 
the  outline  of  the  lake. 


Plate  2 


Hill 


Plate  3 


58  NEW   YORK  STATE   MUSEUM 


Contour  map  of  Perch  lake  and  vicinity,  showing  numerous  low 
terraces  in  the  thin  soil.  In  many  parts  these  terraced  rocks  are 
nearly  or  quite  bare.  On  the  southeastern  shore  of  the  lake  the 
slope  is  quite  abrupt.  On  the  west  shore  the  extensive  swamps, 
separating  the  cliffs  from  the  lake,  probably  always  hindered  much 
occupation,  but  the  proximity  of  the  river  to  Linnell's  island  made 
that  a  desirable  residence. 


Plate  3 


Plate  4 


60  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Medium  sized  mound  on  the  second  terrace  east  of  Hyde  creek, 
and  not  far  from  it.  The  depression  in  the  center  of  this  is  charac- 
teristic of  nearly  all  near  the  creek  and  lake,  and  excavation  showed 
the  original  rectangular  fireplace,  bordered  with  flat  stones.  Like 
nearly  all  others  it  is  in  open  woodland.  The  extreme  width  is 
about  30  feet.  A  plan  of  this  appears  on  plate  12. 


Plate  5 


62  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


A  larger  mound  near  the  north  line  of  the  Timmerman  farm. 
This  is  about  36  feet  across  from  the  extreme  points  of  the  slope, 
which  is  always  gentlest  near  the  edge  and  more  abrupt  as  it 
approaches  the  center.  This  mound  is  less  depressed  in  the  center 
than  most  of  those  on  that  side  of  the  lake. 


oJ 

i— i 

Put 


Plate  6 


64  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


A  low  and  small  mound  on  the  Timmerman  farm,  shows  the  usual 
formation,  but  at  noonday  might  be  passed  unobserved.  Early  or 
late  in  the  day  its  character  is  clear.  Being  in  the  incipient  stage 
it  is  but  19  feet  across. 


Plate  7 


66  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


A  low  mound,  on  the  same  farm  as  that  shown  on  plate  6,  which 
is  but  21  feet  across.  Though  net  large  it  is  very  symmetric.  The 
central  depression  is  wide  and  deep. 


68  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


A  fine  mound  on  the  Timmerman  farm,  at  the  base  of  a  hill. 
Partly  excavated  in  1901.  This  is  33  feet  wide  and  about  5  feet 
high.  There  are  but  few  trees  near  this  and  it  is  a  prominent 
object. 


Plate  9 


7O  NKW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Mound  near  the  ruined  La  Farge  mansion.  Another  joins  it  at 
the  base.  It  is  not  one  of  the  largest  size,  but  is  in  open  ground  on 
a  lower  terrace  than  the  house  and  stands  out  prominently  against 
the  background  of  the  lake.  This  mound  has  an  extreme  width  of 
34  feet. 


Plate  10 


72  M:\V  YORK  STATE  MCSHUM 


Figure  I  is  a  sketch,  furnished  by  Harlan  I.  Smith,  being  a  sec- 
tion of  an  earth  hut  of  the  Thompson  River  Indians,  showing  how 
mounds  of  this  kind  are  sometimes  formed. 

Figure  2  is  a  plan  of  a  mound  on  the  Bay  of  Quinte,  on  the  north 
shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and  showing  a  central  excavation. 

Fig.  3  Section  of  a  mound  at  the  same  place,  showing  the  interior 
filled  with  stones,  the  covering  of  soil  and  the  central  depression. 


Plate  10 


Plate  11 


74  NEW  YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Truncated  mound  excavated  by  Dr  A.  L.  Benedict  in  1900,  on 
the  east  side  of  Cattaraugus  creek,  N.  Y.  The  upper  figure  is  of 
the  recent  condition  and  probable  original  form.  The  plan  shows 
the  position  of  various  points  of  interest  reached  in  excavating. 
At  A,  were  animal  bones ;  at  B,  pieces  of  Hamilton  slate ;  at  C, 
human  bones.  Mound  diameter,  70  feet. 

Fig.  2  A  mound  near  the  same  creek  and  much  like  the  last. 
At  A  and  H,  gravel  was  found ;  at  F,  a  stone  fireplace ;  at  B,  were 
human  bones.  There  was  also  charred  wood. 


Plate  11 


Plate  12 


76  NEW   YORK  STATE  MUSEUM 


Supposed  deer  pound  by  a  pond  near  Unadilla.  A,  is  the  pond ; 
C,  moraines ;  D,  a  road  around  the  pond ;  E,  F,  G,  I,  stone  walls ; 
H,  stone  circles ;  K,  a  graded  way. 

Fig.  2  Plan  of  a  Perch  lake  mound.  A,  the  outer  slope ;  B,  the 
crown  of  the  ridge ;  C,  the  inner  slope ;  D,  rectangular  stone  fire- 
place in  the  center.  This  is  the  ground  plan  of  mound  shown  on 
plate  4. 


Plate  12 


TT7T  .T — 3_ 


•      V 


INDEX 


The  superior  figures  tell  the  exact  place  on  the  page  in  ninths ;  e.  g.  37s 
means  page  37  beginning  in  the  third  ninth  of  the  page,  i.  e.  about  one  third 
of  the  way  down. 


Akron,  if 

Albany,  333,381,  389,  39V  451 
Albany  county,  trails,  451 
Allegany  county,  mounds,  25" 
Allegheny  river,  25°,  45''* 
Allen's  creek,  46e 

Amidon,    R.    W.,    cited,    35;    men- 
tioned, 28",  50' 
Amulet,  28' 
Anarara,  4i= 

Arrowheads,  13",  ig5,  285 
Athens,  49* 
Auburn,  35'^ 
Avon,  36° 
Axes,  30",  48",  51" 

Baldwinsville,  305 

Bartram,     John,     mentioned,     431; 

cited,  43* 
Batavia,  36* 
Beads,  3O2,  49" 

Beauehamp,  W.  M.,  cited,  3s,  5" 
Benedict,  A.  L.,  cited,  3°,  26',  27' 
Big  lake,  43° 
Binghamton,   37s,   45" 
Bird  amulet,  49l 
Bird  pipe,  48° 
Black  creek,  36° 
Black  river,  5s,  27",  42*,  42* 
Bleeker,     Johannes,     jr,     mentioned, 

403 

Bluff  point,  3i5 
Bone  articles,  6s,  48* 
Bone  awl,  nl 
Bone  bead,  28° 
Bone  fort,  27s 
Bone  hill,  30* 
Bone  implements,  285 


Bone  needles,  19* 

Bones,  6°,  f,  8\  87,  io2;  Algonquin 

superstition,  22" 
Boyle,  David,  cited,  3° 
Brass  kettles,  30" 
Brass  rings,  30* 
Brewer's  landing,  46" 
Brewerton,  41°,  42" 
Bridgeport,  427 
Broome  county,  trails,  45" 
Bryant,  William  C,  mentioned,  26* 
Bucktooth,  253 
Buffalo,    37";    Indian    fort,    mound 

near,  27" 

Burnt  stones,  5*,  5°,  5°,  83 
Butternut  creek,  40" 


Caledonia  spring,  36°,  467 

California,  Indian  rancherias  at,  7" 

Cambria,  29^ 

Camillus,  35" 

Cammerhoff,  Bishop,  cited,  3";  men- 
tioned, 433 

Canada,  453 

Canadaragey,  41' 

Canadasegy,  41' 

Canadasseoa,  41° 

Canagere,  39" 

Canajoharie,  341,  37°,  39* 

Canajoharie  creek,  39* 

Canandaigua,  35°,  36%  36*,  36',  367, 
4i3,  46° 

Canandaigua  lake,  36',  36",  46'' 

Canaseraga,  34',  45* 

Canaseraga  creek,  36' 

Canassaraga  Castle,  41" 

Canastota,  34' 


NEW    YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Canawagus,  41" 

Candor,  43* 

Canoga,  49" 

Canowarode,  39' 

Canowaroghare,  41* 

Cardiff,  44l 

Carlton,  30* 

Carrollton,  45* 

Caryville,  27",  36* 

Cassadaga  lake,  25* 

Castle  Heights,  45' 

Catatonk  creek,  43* 

Catskill  creek,  38' 

Catskill  Path,  45' 

Cattaraugus    county,    mounds,   25'; 

trails,  45° 

Cattaraugus  creek,  26*,  26* 
Cawaoge,  39* 
Cayuga,  41*,  43* 
Cayuga  county,  mounds,  25";  trails, 

454 
Cayuga  lake,  35',  35',  40*,  43'.  44\  45', 

48*,  49*.  49" 
Cayuga  towns,  43* 
Cayuta  lake,  43* 
Cecil,  Harry  B.,  cited,  3*,  32";  thanks 

to,  31" 

Celts,   13*,  48* 
Champlain,  mentioned,  42° 
Charcoal,  5" 
Charlotte  river,  37*,  4ST 
Charred  corn,  5* 
Chautauqua    county,    mounds,    25"; 

gouges,  50' 
Chautauqua  lake,  25' 
Chemung  county,  trails,  45" 
Chemung  river,  38',  43' 
Chenango     county,     mounds,     26"; 

trails,  45* 

Chenango  river,  37*,  38*,  45" 
Chenussio,  41" 
Cherry  Valley  creek,  37" 
Chittenango,  34",  45* 
Chittenango  creek,  40",  42T 
Clarence   Hollow,  37* 
Clark,  John  S.,  cited,  3T,  34*;  men- 
tioned, 42*,  45* 
Clay  pipe,  19',  49* 
Clifton  Springs,  3O7 
Coates,  Irving  W.,  cited,  46' 


Cobleskill  creek,  37* 

Cold  Spriiyr,  25',  37' 

Cold  Spring  creek,  25*,  25*,  45"" 

Columbia     county,     mounds.     26"; 

trails,  45'' 

Conesns  lake,  36',  36*,  41* 
Conewango,  25',  25" 
Cooperstown,   30* 
Copley,   Knorli   II..  mounil  on  ("arm, 

33' 

Copper  implements.  4.X3 
Cortland,  43',  43*.  44s 
Cortland  county,  trails,  43',  45* 
CoxFackie  plains,  45' 
Crandall's  pond,  43* 
Crusoe  creek,  31* 

Dansville,  _>8".  41' 

Danube,  3.;.' 

Dayton,  25' 

Deep  Spring,  34T 

Delaware  county,  trails,  457 

Dillenbeck.  A.  J..  mounds  on  farm, 


Eghwake  creek.  40* 

F.lbridge,  35- 

Ellington,  25' 

Emerson,  Edgar  E.,  cited,  37,  8" 

Erie  county,  mounds,  26',  27* 

Esopus  creek,  46* 
(    Evans,   Lewis,  mentioned,  43' 
i    Explanations  of  plates,  53-76 

Fall  creek,  43",  43* 

Eirestones,  8° 

Eish  creek,  50* 

Flint  chips.  5' 

Flint  implements,  87 

Flint  knife,  13* 

Fluvanna,  25' 
j   Fonda,  34' 

Fort  Plain,  34' 

Fort  Schlosser,  41* 

Fort  Schuyler,  41" 

Fort  Stanwix,  4IT 
;    Foxes  creek,  37' 

Franklin      county,      mound,      27'; 

trails,  45T 
|    Fredonia,  25* 


INDEX    TO    PERCH    LAKE    MOUNDS 


79 


French,  J.  H.,  cited,  $,  5° 
Frey,  mentioned,  443 

Gabriel,  Fred  C,  mentioned,  48' 
Gailey,  Clarence,  mentioned,  18"',  18" 
Gailey,  John,  mounds  on  farm  of, 

_5       _8      -9    01 

5  ,  5,  7  -o 
Ganaghsaraga,  41' 
Ganataqueh,   36' 
Ganatowcherage,  43s 
Ganiatarage,  35' 
Ganneratareske,  43* 
Ganowauges,  36° 
Gansevoort,  Colonel,  route,  35* 
Ganuskago,  41' 
Gasport,  29" 

Genesee  county,  mounds,  27* 
Genesee  falls,  46* 
Genesee  river,  29',  36*,  36°,  36',  37% 

37",  41',  4i4 

Genesee  valley,  trails,  46' 

Geneseo,  36',  36',  36',  4i3 

Geneva,  30',  35° 

German  Flats,  41^ 

Getman,  A.  A.,  cited,  3s,  83,  i82; 
mentioned,  50* 

Getman,  S.,  mentioned,  I33;  mounds 
on  farm  of,  13' 

Getty,  A.  H.,  mentioned,  49* 

Gistweahna,  35'" 

Gorget,  49' 

Gouge,  50" 

Great  Bend,  42* 

Great  Gully  brook,  35" 

Green  lake,  34" 

Greene,  26" 

Greene  county,  trails,  45s;  bones 
and  relics,  49* 

Greenhalgh,  Wentworth,  men- 
tioned, 39s 

Groveland,  28° 

Guilderland,  45' 

Hachniage,  36" 
Hamilton,  45° 
Hammer,  51' 
Harford,  43" 
Harpoons,  48* 

Harris,  George  H.,  cited,  3",  46'; 
mentioned,  29* 


Hawley,   Charles,  mentioned,  42: 

Helderbergs,  37°,  45' 

Hemlock  lake,  287,  36',  36* 

Herkimer  county,  trails,  34' 

Hoffman's  Ferry,  49" 

Hollenbeck,  E.,  mentioned,  49" 

Homer,  43°,  44° 

Honeoye,  36*,  41* 

Honeoye  Falls,  36* 

Honeoye  lake,  36* 

Hope  well,  36" 

Horn  implements,  28""' 

Hough,  F.  B.,  cited,  3',  5'-,  S~ 

Howland  island,  49' 

Hudson  river,  38l 

Hut  rings,  19",  27" 

Hyde  creek,  5*,  85,  I28,  13" 

Indian  brook,  26" 

Indian  Ladder  road,  38l,  45* 

Indian  river,  42* 

Irondequoit    bay,    29',    37',   41*,    46*, 

46r 
Ithaca,  433 

Jamestown,  2-,' 

Jamesville,  34*,  4il 

Jefferson  county,  mounds,  5*,  27"; 
trails,  45';  plummet  from,  49*; 
bones  and  relics,  50' 

Jennings,  C.  P.,  cited,  3";  men- 
tioned, 49T 

Jogues,  Father,  cited,  397 

Johnson,  Guy,  cited,  34";  map  of 
/77',  367,  41 l 

Johnstown,  342 

Jordan,  John  W.,  cited,  3';  men- 
tioned, 43s 

Jordanville,  39* 

Kanatagowa,  35l 

Kanestio,  41* 

Klock,  A.,  mounds  on  farm,  5s,  5" 

La  Farge  mansion,  89,  n6,  16*,  17* 
La  Fayette,  43T 
Lake  Champlain,  42* 
Lake  Ganiataragachrachat,  43" 
Lake    Ontario,    mounds    on    north 
shore,  g* 


8o 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Leon,  25* 

Leroy,  36' 

Lewis  county,  mounds,  27* 

Lewiston,  29",  37* 

Lima,  28',  36* 

Linnell's  island,  5*,  18* 

Little  Beard's  town,  36* 

Littleville,  46* 

Livingston  county,  mounds,  28" 

Lockport,  29",  37* 

Lodge,  Lieutenant,  map,  41* 

Loveland,    R.    D.,    mentioned,    IQI, 

SO1,  SO3 
Loveland,   Mrs   R.    D.,    mentioned, 

28l 

Lowell  creek,  5* 
Lysander,  50* 

Macedon,  49' 

Mackay,  John,  cited,  3";  mentioned, 

29',  30* 
Madison      county,      mounds,      28'; 

trails,  45* 

Mamakating  hollow,  47' 
Manlius,  34T 
Marbletown,  47* 
Marcellus  village,  35* 
Marshall,  O.  H.,  cited,  46' 
Marvin,  D.  S.,  cited,  3',  64-7* 
Massassaga  point,  9* 
Mattern,  J.  E.,  cited,  3';  quoted,  49"- 

50l 

Mayhew,  G.  F.,  cited,  4*,  19* 
Mendon,  36T 

Metallic  implements,  48* 
Middleburg,  38* 
Mohawk    castles,    39';    upper,    34'; 

lower,  37*;  first,  395 
Mohawk  river,  39',  42* 
Monroe  county,  mounds,  29' 
Moravian  journals,  34* 
Morgan,  L.  H.,  cited,  4*,  33*,  37* 
Mt  Morris,  28' 
Mt  Toppin,  43* 
Munnsville,  39T 

Napanoch,  47' 
Napoli,  25*,  45* 
Neversink  river,  47' 


New  Albion,  45" 

New    York    city,    burial     mounds, 

30* 

Newark  Valley,  31' 
Niagara  county,  mounds,  291 
Niagara  Falls,  45* 
Niagara  river,  41*,  46* 
Noehnta  creek,  36* 
North   Bridgewater,  39* 
North  Winfield,  39' 
Nuquiage,  35' 

Oak  Orchard  creek,  30* 

O'Callaghan,  E.  B.,  cited,  4',  40' 

Ogdensburg,  41' 

Ohegechrage,  36* 

Olean,  25* 

Onaquaga,  43' 

Oneida,  34",  39T,  40*,  40',  40',  41', 
41',  41*.  45s 

Oneida  Castle,  34',  34',  41° 

Oneida  county,  mounds,  30*;  pot- 
tery, 50' 

Oneida  creek,  39',  45*,  50* 

Oneida  lake,  28*,  42' 

Oneida  Valley,  41' 

Oneidas,  45* 

Onekagoncka,  39' 

Oneonta,  30* 

Onnachee,  36* 

Onogariske  creek,  44" 

Onondaga,  347,  35',  40',  40%  40*,  41', 
4iT,  41*.  42s,  42',  44*.  45s 

Onondaga  county,  mounds,  30* 

Onondaga  creek,  40',  41' 

Onondaga  lake,  40* 

Onondaga  Valley,  34',  35',  43' 

Ontario  county,  trails,  46* 

Oquaga  mountain,  45* 

Oriskany,  34* 

Oriskany  creek,  39* 

Orleans  county,  mounds,  30* 

Oserigooch,  43* 

Osguage,  39* 

Ossuary,  27*,  29*,  49' 

Oswegatchie,  41',  42* 

Oswegatchie  river,  42* 

Oswego,  37*,  42* 

Oswego  Falls,  30* 

Otsquago,  39* 


INDEX    TO    PERCH    LAKE    MOUNDS 


8l 


Owasco  creek,  35" 

Owasco  lake,  35*,  41" 

Owego,  3il,  383,  42',  435,  44\  44s,  44s 

Owego  creek,  43",  43',  43' 

Pebbles,  487 

Penfield,  29' 

Pittsford,  293 

Pittsford  road,  466 

Plates,  explanations  of,  53-76 

Plummet,  49* 

Pomeroy,  Oren,  cited,  if,  18" 

Pompey,  40',  43' 

Poncet,  Father,  mentioned,  42^ 

Port  Jervis,  47* 

Portage,  31* 

Pottery,  $\  5",  63,  6",  87,  13*,  is7,  if, 

IQ1,   I95,  2I2,  2I5,  SO8 

Pouchot's  map,  36T,  41* 

Preble,  43",  44' 

Pride,  H.  A.,  mentioned,  485 

Prospect  Hill,  43* 

Putnam,  F.  W.,  cited,  42,  2i7 

Quinte,  Bay  of,  mounds  on  shores 
of,  9s 

Randolph,  25' 

Relations  des  Jesuit es,  cited,  4s,  22*- 

23',  4i9 

Rensselaerville,  451 
Rings,  302 
Rochester,  46" 
Rome,  4O5,  42* 
Romer,  Colonel,  cited,  34°;  map,  40', 

405 

Rondout  creek,  47' 
Royal  Blockhouse,  4i7 
Royalton,  37l 
Rutledge,  25' 

St  Lawrence  river,  burial  mounds, 

27s 

St  Regis  island,  277 
Salmon  river,  41*,  42*,  42' 
Sandstone,  492 
Sangerfield,  39' 
Saugerties,  46* 
Sauthiers  map  of  i?79,  41* 


Savannah,   31",  31",  49" 
Sayles  farm,  mounds,  is'-iG1 
Schenectady  trail,  33*,  452 
Schoharie     county,     mounds,     26'; 

trails,  46" 

Schoharie  creek,  37',  38" 
Schoharie  valley,  451 
Schuyler,   David,  mentioned,   4O3 
Scottsburg,  28T 
Scottsville,  291 
Senatsycrosy,  39* 
Seneca  castle,  35* 
Seneca  Falls,  35" 
Seneca  lake,  35",  35',  41",  48',  48* 
Seneca  river,  35',  41-,  45^,  50° 
Seneca  towns,  40' 
Sennett,  352 
Shell  ornaments,  30' 
Sherman,  George   W.,   mounds   on 

farm,  8° 

Simms,  Jeptha  R.,  cited,  46" 
Skaneateles  lake,  35* 
Skeletons,  io8,  253,  25',  28s,  29" 
Skinner,  Alanson  B.,  cited,  4',  51"- 

52;  mentioned,  50",  5i2 
Slate  knife,  49' 

Smith,  Harlan  I.,  cited,  43,  19* 
Sohanidisse,  39* 
Sorel  river,  42* 
South  Rochester,  467 
Spangenberg,  Bishop,  cited,  43',  43*, 

43s 

Spears,  48' 
Spraker's,  39* 
Spring  lake,  25* 
Squier,  cited,  52 
Stafford,  36' 
Staten  Island,  5i2;  aboriginal  sites, 

5i°-52 

Stone  implements,  87 
Stone  pipes,  81 
Susquehanna  river,  37*,  382,  41*,  43", 

45" 

Susquehanna  valley,  42* 
Sword  blades,  30* 

Tehondaloga,  34' 
Tenotoge,  39* 
Thiohero,  45* 


82 


NEW   YORK   STATE   MUSEUM 


Thomas,  Cyrus,  cited,  4*,  7*,  2O4-2i', 

22l 

Three  Rivers,  41* 

Timmermun  farm,  mounds  on,  13*, 

i4'-i5f 

Tioga  county,  mounds,  31* 
Tioga  point,  37' 
Tioughhioga,  43*,  44* 
Tonawanda,  37l 
Tonawanda  creek,  27',  36* 
Tonawanda  island,  29* 
Trails,  33-52 

Trent  river,  mounds  on,  9" 
Tueyahdassoo,  44* 
Tully,  44l 

Tuscarora  village,  37*,  37* 
Tuscaroras,  45* 
Twining,  J.  S.,  cited,  4*,  5T,  61 

Ulster  county,  trails,  46" 
Unadilla,  30',  31" 
Unadilla  river,  37*,  39* 
Utica,  34',  41* 

Van  Curler,  Art-lit,  mentioned,  34*; 

cited,  38" 
Van   De   Walker,  Alonzo,  mounds 

on  farm,  8",  13* 
Verona,  34* 
Victor,  36' 
Virgil,  43' 


Wallbrjdge,  Thomas  C,  cited,  4', 
91,  9",  10",  ii* 

\\  ampum  belt,  51* 

Waowowanoonk,  quoted,  47* 

Watertown,  so1 

\Vaterville,  39* 

Watkins,  48' 

Waverly,  43' 

Wayne  county,  mounds,  31";  ossu- 
ary, 49J 

Weiser,  Conrad,  mentioned,  42* 

West  Bloomfield,  36* 

\\Vst  Canada  creek,  42* 

West  creek,  43*,  43' 

Whitesboro,  34* 

Williamsville,  37* 

Wilson,  James  Grant,  cited,  4* 

Wilson,   Peter,  quoted,  47* 

Wilson,  29* 

Windsor,  4S'J 

Wood  creek,  41' 

Woodworth,  Henry,  cited,  4"',  6% 
/-8*,  5<r 

Wynkoop  creek,  43* 

Wyoming  county,  mounds,  31* 

Yates  county,  mounds,  31* 

Zeisberger,    David,    cited,    4',    44*; 

mentioned,  43* 
Zonesschio,  36* 


New  York  State  Education  Department 
New  York  State  Museum 

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xo  "   v  3  9          56,  v.3  6          56,  v.  a          40,  v.3 

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The  figures  in  parenthesis  indicate  the  bulletin's  number  as  a  New  York  State  Museum  bulletin. 

Geology.  01  (14)  Kemp,  J.  F.  Geology  of  Moriah  and  Westport  Town- 
ships, Essex  Co.  N.  Y.,  with  notes  on  the  iron  mines.  38?.  7pl.  2  maps. 
Sep.  1895.  toe. 

02(19)  Merrill,  F:  J.  H.  Guide  to  the  Study  of  the  Geological  Collections 
of  the  New  York  State  Museum.  i62p.  ugpl.  map.  Nov.  1898.  [soc] 

03  (21)  Kemp,  J.  F.    Geology  of  the  Lake  Placid  Region.    24?.   ipl.  map. 

Sep.  1898.    5<r. 

04  (48)  Woodworth,  J.  B.    Pleistocene    Geology    of    Nassau    County    and 

Borough  of  Queens.    s8p.  il.  Qpl.  map.    Dec.  1901.    25C. 

05  (56)  Merrill,  F:  J.  H.    Description  of  the  State  Geologic  Map  of  1901. 

42p.  2  maps,  tab.    Oct.  1902.    loc. 

06  (77)  Gushing,  H.  P.     Geology  of  the  Vicinity  of  Little  Falls,  Herkimer 
Co.    98p.  il.  ispl.  2  maps.    Jan.  1905.    soc. 

Woodworth,  J.  B.    Pleistocene  Geology  of  the  Mooers  Quadrangle.    In  press. 
Ancient  Water  Levels  of  the  Champlain  and  Hudson  Valleys.     In 

press. 

Cushing,  H.  P.    Geology  of  the  Northeast  Adirondack  Region.    In  press. 
Ogilvie,  I.  H.     Geology  of  the  Paradox  Lake  Quadrangle.     In  press. 
Economic  geology.     Egl   (3)  Smock,  J :  C.    Building  Stone  in  the  State  of 

New  York.    152?.    Mar.  1888.    Out  of  print. 
Eg2  (7)  First   Report  on   the   Iron   Mines   and   Iron   Ore   Districts  in 

the  State  of  New  York.    6+7op.  map.    June  1889.    Out  of  print. 

Eg3  (10)  Building  Stone  in  New  York.    2iop.  map,  tab.     Sep.  1890.    4OC. 

Eg4  (11)  Merrill,  F:  J.  H.    Salt  and  Gypsum  Industries  of  New  York.    92p. 

I2pl.  2  maps,  ii  tab.    Ap.  1893.    soc. 
Eg5  (12)  Ries,  Heinrich.      Clay  Industries  of  New  York.      174?.  2pl.  map. 

Mar.  1895.    soc. 
Eg6  (15)  Merrill,  F:  J.  H.    Mineral  Resources  of  New  York.    224?.  2  maps. 

Sep.  1895.    Soc- 
Eg?  (17)  Road  Materials  and  Road  Building  in  New  York.    52?.  I4pl. 

2  maps  34x45,  68x92  cm.    Oct.  1897.    /5<r. 

Maps  separate  loc  each,  two  for  fjc. 

Eg8  (30)  Orton,  Edward    Petroleum  and  Natural  Gas  in  New  York.    Ij6p. 

il.  3  maps.    Nov.  1899.    i$c. 
Eg9  (35)   Ries,  Heinrich.     Clays  of  New  York;  their  Properties  and  Uses. 

4$6p.  i4Opl.  map.    June  1900.      $i,  cloth. 
EglO(44)  Lime  and  Cement  Industries  of  New  York;     Eckel,  E.  C 

Chapters  on  the  Cement  Industry.    332p.   loipl.  2  maps.       Dec   1901. 

8sc,  cloth. 
Egll  (61)  Dickinson,   H.  T.    Quarries  of  Bluestone  and  other  Sandstones 

in  New  York.    io8p.  i8pl.  2  maps.  Mar.  1903.    ssc. 
Rafter,  G:  W.     Hydrology  of  New  York  State.    In  press. 


NEW  YORK  STATE  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT 

Mineralogy.  Ml  (4)  Nason,  F.  L.  Some  New  York  Minerals  and  their 
Localities.  2Op.  ipl.  Aug.  1888.  [loc] 

M2  (58)  Whitlock,  H.  P.  Guide  to  the  Mineralogic  Collections  of  the  New 
York  State  Museum.  150?.  il.  39pl.  11  models.  Sep.  1902.  400. 

M3  (70)  New  York  Mineral  Localities,     nop.     Sep.   1903.    zoc. 

Paleontology.  Pal  (34)  Cumings,  E.  R.  Lower  Silurian  System  of  East- 
ern Montgomery  County;  Prosser,  C:  S.  Notes  on  the  Stratigraphy  of 
Mohawk  Valley  and  Saratoga  County,  N.  Y.  74?.  lopl.  map.  May 
1900.  150. 

Pa2  (39)  Clarke,  J :  M. ;  Simpson,  G :  B.  &  Loomis,  F :  B.  Paleontologic 
Papers  I.  72p.  il.  i6pl.  Oct.  1900.  /5<r. 

Contents :  Clarke,  J  :  M.    A  Remarkable  Occurrence  of  Orthoceras  in  the  Oneonta  Beds  of 

the  Chenango  Valley,  N.  Y. 
Paropsonema  cryptophya ;  a  Peculiar  Echinoderm  from  the  Intumescens-zone  (Portage 

Beds)  of  Western  New  York. 

Dictyonine  Hexactinellid  Sponges  from  the  Upper  Devonic  of  New  York. 

The  Water  Biscuit  of  Squaw  Island,  Canandaigua  Lake,  N.  Y. 

Simpson,G  :  B.     Preliminary  Descriptions  of  New  Genera  of  Paleozoic  Rugose  Corals. 
Loomis,  F  :  B.    Siluric  Fungi  from  Western  New  York. 

Pa3  (42)  Ruedemann,  Rudolf.  Hudson  River  Beds  near  Albany  and  their 
Taxonomic  Equivalents.  H4p.  2pl.  map.  Ap.  1901.  2$c. 

Pa4  (45)  Grabau,  A.  W.  Geology  and  Paleontology  of  Niagara  Falls  and 
Vicinity.  286p.  il.  i8pl.  map.  Ap.  1901.  650;  cloth,  QOC. 

Pa5  (49)  Ruedemann,  Rudolf;  Clarke,  J:  M.  &  Wood,  Elvira.  Paleon- 
tologic Papers  2.  240?.  i3pl.  Dec.  1901.  400. 

Contents:     Ruedemann,  Rudolf.     Trenton  Conglomerate  of  Rysedorph  Hill. 
Clarke,  J:  M.    Limestones  of  Central  and  Western  New  York  Interbedded  with  Bituminous 

Shales  of  the  Marcellus  Stage. 

Wood,  Elvira.    Marcellus  Limestones  of  Lancaster,  Erie  Co.  N.  Y. 
Clarke,  J:  M.    New  Agelacrinites 

Value  of  Amnigenia  as  an  indicator  of  Fresh- water  Deposits  during  the  Devonic  of  New 

York,  Ireland  and  the  Rhineland. 

Pa6  (52)  Clarke,  J :  M.    Report  of  the  State  Paleontologist  1901.    28op.  il. 

9pl.  map,  I  tab.    July  1902.    40C. 
Pa7  (63) Stratigraphy  of  Canandaigua  and   Naples   Quadrangles.    78p. 

map.    June  1904.    2$c. 
Pa8  (65) Catalogue  of  Type  Specimens  of  Paleozoic  Fossils  in  the  New 

York  State  Museum.    848?.     May  1903.    $1.20,  cloth. 
Pa9  (69)  Report  of  the  State  Paleontologist  1902.    464?.  52pl.  8  maps. 

Nov.  1903.    $i,  cloth. 
PalO    (80)   -     -  Report  of  the   State   Paleontologist  1903.     396p.  2Opl.   map. 

Feb.  1905.    8$c,  cloth. 
Pall  (81)  -  —  &  Luther,  D.D.    Watkins  and  Elmira  Quadrangles.    32p.  map. 

Mar.  1905.     25c. 
Pal2   (82)  Geologic  Map  of  the  Tully  Quadrangle.     4Op.  map.    Ap.  1905. 

2OC. 

Grabau,   A.  W.     Guide  to  the  Geology  and   Paleontology  of  the   Schoharie 

Region.    In  press. 
Ruedemann,  Rudolf.     Cephalopoda  of  Beekmantown  and  Chazy  Formations 

of  Champlain  Basin.    In  preparation. 
Zoology.    Zl  (1)  Marshall,  W:  B.    Preliminary  List  of  New  York  Unionidae. 

2op.     Mar.  1892.     5<r. 
Z2  (9)  Beaks  of  Unionidae  Inhabiting  the  Vicinity  of  Albany,   N.  Y. 

24p.  ipl.    Aug.  1890.     IDC. 
Z3  (29)  Miller,  G.   S.   jr.  Preliminary  List   of  New   York  Mammals.     124?. 

Oct.  1899.     isc. 

Z4  (33)  Farr,  M.  S.     Check  List  of  New  York  Birds.    224?.    Ap.  1900.    2$c. 
Z5  (38)  Miller,  G.  S.  jr.     Key  to  the  Land  Mammals  of  Northeastern  North 

America.     io6p.     Oct.  1900.    zsc. 
Z6  (40)  Simpson,   G :   B.    Anatomy  and   Physiology  of   Polygyra  albolabris 

and  Limax   maximus  and   Embryology  of  Limax   maximus.    82p.  28pl. 

Oct.  1901.    25c. 
Z7  (43)  Kellogg,  J.  L.     Clam  and   Scallop  Industries  of  New  York.       36?. 

2pl.  map.    Ap.  1901.    xoc. 
Z8  (51)  Eckel,  E.  C.  &  Paulmier,  F.  C.     Catalogue  of  Reptiles  and  Batrach- 

ians  of  New  York.    64p.  il.  ipl.    Ap.  1902.    isc. 

Eckel,  E.  C.    Serpents  of  Northeastern  United  States. 

Paulmier,  F.  C.    Lizards,  Tortoises  and  Batrachians  of  New  York. 


„  MUSEUM   PUBLICATIONS 

Z0  (60)  Bean,  T.  H.    Catalogue  of  the  Fishes  of  New   York.    784?.    Feb 

T903-    $i,  cloth. 
Z10  (71)  Kellogg,  J.  L.    Feeding  Habits  and  Growth  of  Venus  mercenaria. 

30p,  4P1-     Sep.  1903-     ioc. 

Letson,    Elizabeth  J.     Catalogue  of  New  York  Mollusca.    In  press. 
Paulmior,  F.  C.     Higher  Crustacea  of  New  York  City.    In  press. 
Eaton,  E.  II.    Birds  of  New  York.     In  preparation. 
Entomology.    Enl  (5)  Lintner,  J.  A.    White  Grub  of  the  May  Beetle.    320. 

il.    Nov.  1888.    we. 

En2  (6)  Cut -worms.     36p.  il.     Nov.  1888.     ioc. 

En3  (13) San  Jos£  Scale  and  Some  Destructive  Insects  of  New  York 

State.    S4p.  7pl.     Ap.  1895.     *5C- 
En4  (20)  Felt,    E.    P.     Elm-leaf   Beetle   in    New    York    State.    46?.    il.    spl. 

June  1898.    sc. 

See  En  15. 

En5  (23)  -  -  i4th  Report  of  the  State  Entomologist  1898.  isop.  il.  Qpl. 
Dec.  1898.  2oc. 

En6  (24)  Memorial  of  the  Life  and  Entomologic  Work  of  J.  A.  Lint- 
ner Ph.D.  State  Entomologist  1874-98;  Index  to  Entomologist's  Re- 
ports 1-13.  3i6p.  ipl.  Oct.  1899.  35c. 

Supplement  to  141!)  report  of  the  state  entomologist. 

En7   (26)   -     -  Collection,  Preservation  and  Distribution  of  New  York  In- 
sects.   36p.  il.    Ap.  1899.    sc. 
En8  (27)  Shade  Tree  Pests  in  New  York  State.      26p.  il.  spl.       May 

1809.    5c. 
En9  (31)  isth  Report  of  the   State  Entomologist  1899.       I28p.       June 

1900.     isc. 
EnlO  (36)  i6th   Report   of   the    State    Entomologist    1900.      n8p.    i6pl. 

Mar.  1901.    25c. 
Enll  (37)   -     -  Catalogue  of   Some  of  the  More  Important   Injurious  and 

Beneficial  Insects  of  New  York  State.    54p.  il.     Sep.  1900.    ioc. 
Enl2  (46)   Scale   Insects  of  Importance  and  a   List  of  the  Species  in 

New  York  State.    94?.  il.  ispl.    'June  1901.    250. 
Enl3  (47)  Needham,   J.  G.   &   Betten,   Cornelius.       Aquatic   Insects   in   the 

Adirondacks.    234?.  il.  36?!.     Sep.  1901.    450. 
Enl4  (53)  Felt,  E.   P.     I7th  Report  of  the   State  Entomologist   1901.    232?. 

il.  6pl.    Aug.  1902.    joe. 
Enl5   (57)   -     -  Elm  Leaf  Beetle  in  New  York  State.     46p.  il.  Spl.     An-. 

1902.    150. 

This  is  a  revision  of  En4  containing  the  more  e-isential  facts  observed  since  th.it  was  prepared 

Enl6  (59)  Grapevine  Root  Worm.    4Op.  6pl.     Dec.  1902.     i$c. 

Set  En  19. 

Enl7  (64)   i8th   Report  of  the   State   Entomologist   1902.       iiop.   6pl. 

May  1903.    2oc. 
Enl8  (68)   Needham,  J.  G.   &•  others.    Aquatic  Insects  in  New  York.    322p. 

52pl.     Aug.  1903.    Soc,  cloth. 
Enl9  (72)   Felt.  !•:.  P.  Grapevine  Root  Worm.    s8p.  I3pl.     Nov.  1903.    zoc. 

This  is  a  revision  of  Eni6  containing  the  more  essential  facts  observed  since  that  was  prepared. 

En20   (74)  -    -  &  Joutcl,  L.   II.     Monograph  of  the  Genus   Saperda.    88p. 

I4pl.    June  1904.     25C. 
En21  (76)    Felt,  E.  P.  igth  Report  of  the  State  Entomologist  1903.     150?.  4pl. 

1904.     150. 
En22  (79)  -    -  Mosquitos  or  Culicidae  of  New  York.     164?.  il.  S7pl.    Oct. 

1904.     4oc. 

Needham,   J.  G.  &  others.     May  Flies  and  Midges  of  New  York.     In  press. 
Felt,  E.  P.    20th  Report  of  the  State  Entomologist  1904.    In  press. 
Botany.    Bol  (2)   Peck,  C:  H.     Contributions  to  the  Botany  of  the  State' of 

New  York.    66p.  2pl.     May  1887.     Out  of  print. 

Bo2  (8)  Boleti  of  the  United  States.    o6p.     Sep.  1889.     [soc] 

Bo3  (25)  Report    of    the    State    Botanist    1898.    76p.    spl.    Oct.    1899. 

Out  of  print. 


NEW  YORK  STATE  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT 

Bo4  (28) Plants  of  North  Elba.    2o6p.  map.    June  1899.    2oc. 

Bo5  (54)  Report  of  the  State  Botanist  1901.     58?.  7pl.     Nov.  1902.    400. 

Bo6  (67)  -     -  Report  of  the  State  Botanist  1902.     ig6p.  5pl.     May  1903.    500. 
Bo7  (75)  -    -  Report  of  the  State  Botanist  1903.    7op.  4pl.     1904.    400. 

Report  of  the  State  Botanist  1904.     In  press. 

Archeology.    Arl  (16)    Beauchamp,  W:   M.     Aboriginal   Chipped  Stone   Im- 
plements of  New  York.     86p.  23pl.     Oct.  1897.     250. 
Ar2  (18)   Polished   Stone   Articles  used  by  the   New   York  Aborigines. 

i04p.  35pl.     Nov.  1897.    25c, 
Ar3  (22)   Earthenware  of  the   New  York  Aborigines.     78p.   33pl.     Oct. 

1898.    25c. 
Ar4  (32)  Aboriginal    Occupation    of    New    York.     190?.    i6pl.   2    maps. 

Mar.  1900,     300. 
Ar5  (41)  Wampum  and  Shell  Articles  used  by  New  York  Indians.  i66p. 

28pl.     Mar.  1901.    soc. 
Ar6  (50)  Horn  and  Bone  Implements  of  the  New  York  Indians.     H2p. 

43pl.     Mar.  1902.    300. 
Ar7  (55)    -     -   Metallic    Implements   of   the    New   York   Indians.    94p.   38?!. 

June  1902.     2$c. 
Ar8  (73)    Metallic   Ornaments   of   the   New    York   Indians.     122?.   37pl. 

Dec.  1903.    300. 
Ar9  (78)  -     -  History  of  the  New  York  Iroquois.     34Op.     I7pl.  map.     Feb. 

1905.     7$c,  cloth. 
ArlO  (87)  -    -  Perch  Lake  Mounds.    84p.  I2pl.     Ap.  1905.    2oc. 

Aboriginal  Use  of  Wood  in  New  York.    In  press. 

Miscellaneous.     Msl  (62)    Merrill,   F:   J.   H.     Directory  of  Natural   History 

Museums  in  United  States  and  Canada.     236p.     Ap.  1903.    300. 
Ms2  (66)  Ellis,  Mary.     Index  to  Publications  of  the  New  York  State  Natural 

History  Survey  and   New   York   State   Museum    1837-1902.    4i8p.    June 

1903-    75c,  doth. 
Museum  memoirs  iSSg-date.    Q. 

1  Beecher,  C:  E.  &  Clarke,  J:   M.     Development  of  some   Silurian  Brachi- 

opoda.    96p.  8pl.    Oct.  1889.     Out  of  print. 

2  Hall,  James  &  Clarke,  J :  M.     Paleozoic  Reticulate  Sponges.    35op.  il.  70pl. 

1898.     $i,  cloth. 

3  Clarke,  J:   M.     The  Oriskany  Fauna  of  Becraft  Mountain,  Columbia  Co. 

N.  Y.     i28p.  9pl     Oct.  1900.    8oc. 

4  Peck,  C:  H.     N.  Y.  Edible  Fungi,   1895-99.     io6p.  25pl.     Nov.  1900.     7$c. 

This  includes  revised  descriptions  and  illustrations  of  fungi  reported  in  the  4Qth,  sist  and  ,2d 
reports  of  the  slate  botanist. 

5  Clarke,  J:  M.  &  Ruedemann,  Rudolf.     Guelph  Formation  and  Fauna  of 

New  York  State      I96p.  2ipl.    July  1903.     $1.50,  cloth. 

6  Naples  Fauna  in  Western  New  York.    268p.  26pl.  map.    $2,  cloth. 

7  Ruedemann,   Rudolf.     Graptolites   of   New   York.     Pt  I    Graptolites  of  the 

Lower  Beds.    350?.  I7pl.    Feb.  1905.    $1.50,  cloth. 
Felt,  E.  P.     Insects  Affecting  Park  and  Woodland  Trees.     In  press. 
Clarke,  J:  M.     Early  Devonic  of  Eastern  New  York.     In  preparation. 

Natural  history  of  New  York.     30v.  il.  pi.  maps.     Q.    Albany  1842-94. 

DIVISION  i  ZOOLOGY.  De  Kay,  James  E.  Zoology  of  New  York;  or,  The  New 
York  Fauna ;  comprising  detailed  descriptions  of  all  the  animals  hitherto 
observed  within  the  State  of  New  York  with  brief  notices  of  those  occasion- 
ally found  near  its  borders,  and  accompanied  by  appropriate  illustrations. 
5y.  il.  pi.  maps.  sq.  Q.  Albany  1842-44.  Out  of  print. 

Historical  introduction  to  the  series  by  Gov.  W  :  H.  Seward.      178?. 

v.  I  pti     Mammalia.     13+146?.  33?!.     1842. 

300' copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

v.  2  pt2  Birds.  12+380?.  141?!.  1844. 

Colored  plates. 

v.  3  pt3    Reptiles  and  Amphibia.     7+98p.    pt4  Fishes.     15+415?.     1842. 

pt3-4  bound  together. 


MUSEUM  PUBLICATIONS 

v.  4  Plates  to  accompany  v.  3.  Reptiles  and  Amphibia  23pl.  Fishes  79?!. 
1842. 

300  copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

v.  5  pts    Mollusca.    4+271?.  4Opl.    pt6  Crustacea.    70p.  13?!.     1843-44. 

Hand-colored  plates  :  pt/j-6  bound  together. 

DIVISION  2  BOTANY.  Torrey,  John.  Flora  of  the  State  of  New  York;  com- 
prising full  descriptions  of  all  the  indigenous  and  naturalized  plants  hith- 
erto discovered  in  the  State,  with  remarks  on  their  economical  and  med- 
ical properties.  2v.  il.  pi.  sq.  Q.  Albany  1843.  Out  of  print. 

v.  I     Flora  of  the  State  of  New  York.     12+484?.  72pl.     1843. 

300  copies  with  hand-colored  plates. 

v.  2    Flora  of  the  State  of  New  York.    572?.  8o.pl.     1843. 

300  copies  with  hand-colored  p'aies. 

DIVISION  3  MINERALOGY.  Beck,  Lewis  C.  Mineralogy  of  New  York;  com- 
prising detailed  descriptions  of  the  minerals  hitherto  found  in  the  State 
of  New  York,  and  notices  of  their  uses  in  the  arts  and  agriculture,  il.  pi. 
sq.  Q.  Albany  1842.  Out  of  print. 

v.  i  pti  Economical  Mineralogy.  pt2  Descriptive  Mineralogy.  24+536?. 
1842. 

8  plates  additional  to  those  printed  as  part  of  the  text. 

DIVISION  4  GEOLOGY.  Mather,  W :  W. ;  Emmons,  Ebenezer ;  Vanuxem,  Lard- 
ner  &  •  Hall,  James.  Geology  of  New  York.  4v.  il.  pi.  sq.  Q.  Albany 
1842-43.  Out  of  print. 

v.  i  pti    Mather,  W:  W.     First  Geological  District.    37+653?.  46?!.     1843. 

v.  2  pt2  Emmons,  Ebenezer.  Second  Geological  District.  10+437?.  I7pl. 
1842. 

v.  3  ?t3    Vanuxem,  Lardner.    Third  Geological  District.    306?.     1842. 

v.  4  pt4  Hall,  James.  Fourth  Geological  District.  22+683?.  IQ?1-  map- 
1843. 

DIVISION  5  AGRICULTURE.  Emmons,  Ebenezer.  Agriculture  of  New  York; 
comprising  an  account  of  the  classification,  composition  and  distribution 
of  the  soils  and  .rocks  and  the  natural  waters  of  the  different  geological 
formations,  together  with  a  condensed  view  of  the  meteorology  and  agri- 
cultural productions  of  the  State.  5v.  il.  pi.  sq.  Q.  Albany  1846-54.  Out 
of  print. 

v.  i  Soils  of  the  State,  their  Composition  and  Distribution.  11+371?.  2ipL 
1846. 

v.  2    Analysis  of  Soils,  Plants,  Cereals,  etc.    8+343+46?.    42?!.    1849. 

With  hand-colored  p'ates. 

v.  3    Fruits,  etc.    8+340?.    1851. 

v.  4    Plates  to  accompany  v.  3.    95?!.     1851. 

Hand-colored. 

v.5    Insects  Injurious  to  Agriculture.    8+272?.    50?!.     1854. 

With  hand-colored  plates. 

DIVISION  6  PALEONTOLOGY.    Hall,  James.    Palaeontology  of  New  York.    8v. 

il.  pi.  sq.  Q.    Albany  1847-94.    Bound  in  cloth. 
v.  i     Organic  Remains  of  the  Lower  Division  of  the  New  York  System. 

23+338?.    QQpl.     1847.    Out  of  print. 
v.  2    Organic  Remains  of  Lower  Middle  Division  of  the  New  York  System. 

8+362?.  104?!.    1852,    Out  of  print. 
v.  3    Organic  Remains  of  the  Lower  Helderberg  Group  and  the  Oriskany 

Sandstone,     pti,  text.     12+532?.     1859.     [&J-50] 

pt2,  143?!.     1861.     [$2.50] 

v.  4  Fossil  Brachiopoda  of  the  Upper  Helderberg,  Hamilton,  Portage  and 
Chemung  Groups.  11+1+428?.  99?!.  1867.  $2.50. 

v.  5  pti  Lamellibranchiata  i.  Monomyaria  of  the  Upper  Helderberg, 
Hamilton  and  Chemung  Groups.  18+268?.  45?1.  1884.  $2.50. 

• Lamellibranchiata  2.  Dimyaria  of  the  Upper  Helderberg,  Ham- 
ilton, Portage  and  Chemung  Groups.  62+293?.  51?!.  1885.  $2.50. 

pt2    Gasteropoda,  Pteropoda  and  Cephalopoda  of  the  Upper  Helder- 
berg, Hamilton,   Portage  and  Chemung  Groups.     2v.     1879.     v.  I,  text 
15+492?.    v.  2,  I20?l.    $2.50  for  2v. 


NENV  YORK  STATE  EDUCATION  DEPARTMENT 

r.  6  Corals  and  Bryozoa  of  the  Lower  and  Upper  Helderberg  and  Hamil- 
ton Groups.  24+298?.  67pl.  1887.  $2.50.  t 

v,  7  Trilobites  and  other  Crustacea  of  the  Onskany,  Upper  Helderberg, 
Hamilton.  Portage,  Chemung  and  Catskill  Groups.  64-l-236p.  46pl.  i888j 
Cont.  supplement  to  v.  5,  pt2.  Pteropoda,  Cephalopoda  and  Annelida. 
42p.  i8pl.  1888.  $2.50. 

v.  8pti  Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Genera  of  the  Paleozoic  Brachi- 
opoda.  16+367?.  44?!.  1892.  $2.50. 

pt2     Paleozoic  Brachiopoda.     16+394?.  84?!.     1804.    $2.50. 

Catalogue  of  the  Cabinet  of  Natural  History  of  the  State  of  New  York  and 
of  the  Historical  and  Antiquarian  Collection  annexed  thereto.  242p.  O. 
1853- 

Handbooks  i8o,3-date.    7J^xi2j4  cm. 

In  quantities,  i  cent  for  each  16  pages  or  less.     Single  copies  postpaid  as  below. 

H5  New  York  State  Museum.    52?.    il.    40. 

Outlines  history  and  work  of  the  museum  with  list  of  staff  1902. 

HIS  Paleontology.     12 p.    2c. 

Brief  outline  of  State  Museum  work  in  paleontology  under  heads:  Definition;  Relation  to 
biology;  Relation  to  stratigraphy;  History  of  paleontology  in  New  York. 

HIS  Guide  to  Excursions  in  the  Fossiliferous  Rocks  of  New  York. 
U4p.  8c. 

Itineraries  of  3*  trips  covering  nearly  the  entire  series  of  Paleozoic  rocks,  prepared  specially 
for  the  use  of  teachers  and  students  desiring  to  acquaint  themselves  more  intimately  with  the 
classic  rocks  of  this  State. 

H16  Entomology.     i6p.    2c. 

H17  Economic  Geology.     44?.     4C. 

HIS  Insecticides  and  Fungicides.    2Op.     3c. 

H19  Classification  of  New  York  Series  of  Geologic  Formations.    32p.    jr. 

Maps.    Merrill  F:  J.  H.     Economic  and  Geologic  Map  of  the  State  of  New 
,  York;  issued  as  part  of  Museum  bulletin  15  and  the  48th  Museum  Report, 
v.  i.     59x67  cm.     1804.     Scale  14  miles  to  I  inch.     l^c. 

Geologic  Map  of  New  York.     1901.     Scale  5  miles  to  I  inch.    In  atlas 

form  $3;  mounted  on  rollers  $5.    Lower  Hudson  sheet  6oc. 

Th»  '.ower  Hudson  sheet,  treologically  colored,  comprises  Rockland,  Orange,  Dutchess,  Put- 
nam, \Vestchester.  New  York,  Rfchmond,  Kings,  Queens  and  Nassau  counties,  and  parts  of  Sullivan, 
Ulster  and  Suffolk  counties;  also  northeastern  New  Jersey  and  paj-t  of  western  Connecticut. 

Map  of  New  York  showing  the  Surface  Configuration  and  Water  Sheds. 

1901.     Scale  12  miles  to  I  inch.     /jc. 

Geologic  maps  on  the  United  States  Geological  Survey  topographic  base; 
scale  i  in.  =  i  m.  Those  marked  with  an  asterisk  have  also  been  pub- 
lished separately. 

*Albany  county.     Mus.  rep't  49,  v.  2.  1898.    y>c. 

Area  around  Lake  Placid.     Mus.  bul.  21.     1898. 

Vicinity  of  Frankfort  Hill  [parts  of  Herkimer  and  Oneida  counties].  Mus. 
rep't  51,  v.  i.  1899. 

Rockland  county.     State  geol.  rep't  18.     1899. 

Amsterdam  quadrangle.     Mus.  bul.  34.     1900. 

*Parts  of  Albany  and  Rensselaer  counties.    Mus.  bul.  42.  1901.     loc. 

*Xiagara  River.    Mus.  bul.  45.     1901.    250. 

Part  of  Clinton  county.    State  geol.  rep't  19.     1901. 

Oyster  Bay  and  Hempstead  quadrangles  on  Long  Island.    Mus.  bul.  48.    1901. 

Portions  of  Clinton  and  Essex  counties.     Mus.  bul.  52.     1902. 

Part  of  town  of  Northumberland,  Saratoga  co.     State  geol.  rep't  21.     1903. 

Union  Springs,  Cayuga  county  and  vicinity.     Mus.  bul.  69.     1903. 

*Olean  quadrangle.    Mus.  bul.  69.     1903.     we. 

*Becraft  Mt  with  2  sheets  of  sections.  (Scale  I  in.  =  ]/3  m.)  Mus.  bul.  69. 
1903.  2oc. 

*Canandaigua-Naples  quadrangles.     Mus.  bul.  63.     1904.    20c. 

*Little  Falls  quadrangle.     Mus.  bul.  77.     1905.     150. 

*Watkins-Elmira  quadrangle.     Mus.  bul.  81.     1905.     20C. 

*Tully  quadrangle.    Mus.  bal.  82.     1905     roc. 

*Salamanca  quadrangle.    Mus.  bul.  80.    1905.    loc. 


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